Topographic maps of the Soviet General Staff. OpenStreetMap - modern topographic maps. What else can be found here
You can download these cartographic nyashki (all squares) in KMZ format here. If you need a specific square, find it on the layout below. There is also a tooltip with the names of the main cities or towns within the given square next to each square.
There was once a great and mighty Soviet Union, and overnight it was gone. However, he left a rich legacy - plans, a variety of navigation products for Ukraine, Georgia, the Baltic States, Russia. He left behind a lot of bad things, but I would not like to remember this. Let's talk about the good, more precisely, about this heritage, so precious for modern travelers, who tirelessly roam in search of adventures in the CIS countries. Sometimes, for some areas, apart from these works, there is simply no other information about the topography of the area. As you know, vector maps of Ukraine and other countries of the post-Soviet space are created and updated by enthusiasts, but not by government departments specially created for this, since, unfortunately, departments simply do not exist now.
Of course, most of these maps are old - from the 80s or even 70s, and over the past time a lot has changed and is changing - bridges disappear, new ones appear, rivers dry up, swamps appear, and so on. But the reliability of these General Staff publications for Ukraine is still quite high. Of course, good modern vector maps are more suitable for orientation, but if there are none for a given area and will not be in the near future, then raster maps should be enough for you to navigate.
Now about how my site can help you and how this page differs from many others, where it is possible to download maps of Ukraine (the General Staff of the USSR). Hover your mouse over the area you are interested in, a hint will appear. When you click, you will see a window with the square you are interested in, which can be scaled. On the right you will see the link “Download Square”. This is a link to download the square in KMZ format. KMZ is a popular raster map format for navigators. This file format is supported by Garmin navigation devices and can be converted to other popular bitmap formats.
Good luck, friends! Have wonderful trips!
After the Second World War, the military triangulations of independent states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland) as well as Germany were combined into one system (triangulation network of 2, 3, 4 classes), An accurate triangulation network was necessary when creating a topographic survey at a scale of 1: 25000 and small scale maps.
In the USSR, since 1942, Krasovsky's reference ellipsoid has been used. Krasovsky's ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid, the dimensions of which were derived in 1940 at the Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography (TsNIIGAiK) by the Soviet geodesist A. A. Izotov on the basis of studies conducted under general guidance F. N. Krasovsky.
The dimensions of the Krasovsky ellipsoid were derived from degree measurements made in the territory of the former USSR, Western European countries and the USA. Although these degree measurements, together with the definitions of gravity, led to the conclusion that the figure of the geoid can be more correctly represented by a triaxial ellipsoid, nevertheless, the ellipsoid was taken as an ellipsoid of revolution.
The Krasovsky ellipsoid is characterized by the following values: semi-major axis a 6378 245 m; compression of the Earth 1:298.3.
The position (orientation) of the Krasovsky ellipsoid in the body of the Earth is determined by the geodetic coordinates of the center of the round hall of the Pulkovo Observatory:
latitude B0 = 59°46"18.55",
longitude L0 = 30°19"42.09",
the height x0 is set equal to zero.
The Krasovsky ellipsoid is also used in geodetic and cartographic works in all countries of the former USSR, in Eastern Europe, China, India, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and other countries.
On the territory of the former USSR, Russia and a number of other countries, a similar Gauss-Kruger projection is used for large-scale maps. In 1825, Carl Friedrich Gauss solved the general problem of depicting one surface on another while preserving the similarity in infinitesimal parts. The working projection formulas were derived by A. Krueger in 1912. This projection is conformal, or conformal, i.e. saves angles and directions.
In 1959-1969, the military completed a triangulation network of 2, 3, 4 classes on the territory of Lithuania, in which there were about 1800 points. Maps published in the USSR since 1942 use the 1942 or SK-42 coordinate system. For civilian purposes, a distorted coordinate system of 1963 or SK-63 was introduced with a shifted frame (frames).
At the end of the era of the USSR (1990s), the category of topographic maps included maps with scales1:1000000, 1:500000, 1:200000, 1:100000, 1:50000, 1:25000 and 1:10000. Maps in scales of 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500 were considered topographic plans.
A map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 was considered strategic, while maps at a scale of 1:500,000 and 1:200,000 were operational maps. Maps in scale 1:100000, 1:50000 and 1:25000 made up a group of tactical maps.
In the first decades after the war, the topographic survey scale was 1:25,000; in the 1990s, the entire territory of Lithuania was covered by maps at a scale of 1:10,000 with contour lines every 1.0 or 1.5 meters. Using the 1:10000 map, the 1:25000 map was also updated, the relief step on the map (h) was strictly connected to the map scale: on the map 1:25000 h=5 m, 1:50000 h=10 m, 1:100000 h=20 m.
The main geodetic and cartographic work on the field of war was carried out by the military. Civilian organizations produced topographic surveys at a scale of 1:10,000 (and larger) and a leveling network. Only at the end of the century, maps began to be updated not by the military, but by Enterprise No. 5 at the main department of geodesy and cartography.
Nomenclature of coordinate system maps 1942
The nomenclature of topographic maps is based on a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (10 km in 1 cm).
The entire surface of the Earth is divided by parallels into rows (through 4 °), and by meridians - into columns (through 6 °); the sides of the formed trapezoids serve as the boundaries of the sheets of the map at a scale of 1:1000000. The rows are indicated by capital Latin letters from A to V, starting from the equator to both poles, and the columns are indicated by Arabic numerals, starting from the meridian 180 ° from west to east. The map sheet nomenclature consists of a row letter and a column number. For example, the sheet with the city of Vilnius is designated N-35. Subpolar circular regions (with a latitude greater than 88°) are denoted by the letter Z without indicating the column number. Sheets of millionth maps located between latitudes 60-76° are doubled in longitude; Thus, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 will have a longitude not of 6, but of 12°. Above 76° the charts quadruple and occupy 24° of longitude. Beyond 88° is sheet Z, covering the full 360°.
Double sheets of a millionth card are indicated by indicating a row (letter) and two corresponding columns (an odd number followed by an even number). Quadruple sheets are formed in a similar way, four columns are listed separated by commas.
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Topographic map is an integral part of a long hike, mushroom picking, orienteering and riding a "quad" over rough terrain. Conventions on topographic maps such as:
Forest area, urban-type settlements, power lines (power lines), shrubs, swamps, difficult areas, dirt road, trail, ford
etc. will allow you to walk through the forest, away from settlements in a safe way. Topographic maps areas are offered in two formats:
- expansion cards .ozfx, .ecw, .gif, .png
with references to the area for use on personal computer (PC), laptop with operating system Windows xp, 7, 8 and also tablets and mobile devices operating system Android 2.2 and higher.
- Maps with expansion .jnx with references to the area for use in tourist navigators of a company with support for the service birds eye.
Detailed topographic scale maps 1:25000
are now most in demand among both mushroom pickers and travelers because of the accuracy of their data on the area and other information. Topo maps in Scales are presented in our online store:
throughout the western Russia to the Urals, including about. New Earth
and partially some squares of central Russia, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.
- 1:50000 (1cm = 500m or 500m)
throughout the western Russia to the Urals, also some squares of central Russia, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.
- 1:100000 (1cm = 1km or kilometers)
throughout the territory of western Russia to the Urals, as well as some squares of central Russia, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.
- 1:200000 (1cm = 2km or 2km)
throughout Russia, partly in neighboring countries, CIS territories, countries of Western Europe and Africa.
- 1:500000 (1cm = 5km or 5km)
throughout Russia, partly in neighboring countries, CIS territories, countries of Western Europe and Africa.
Those who want a lot of strange things can google “A Tutorial on military topography". He himself studied at the university. There is a ton of old and useless stuff for tourists.
What will be in this article:
So, what is useful to know about GSh cards and what you need in practice.
Origin of map sheets and their nomenclature (number)
To begin with, a little repetition of what was in previous articles.
Here's what it looks like:
File extension .gif- just a picture. How you can have sex with her separately is described in paragraph 2. A file with the extension .map- the file that the Ozi Explorer program will open will find the path to the image written in it (you downloaded both files in the same folder, right?) And show you a map on the monitor. The program will understand that this is a map, each of its points corresponds to some geographical coordinates. (The same two files, picture and .map, for each sheet of the map will also be on decent distributions from torrents.)
Now everything is simple. "File Print". Specify what kind of scale you have, the paper format and its orientation, and that's it. The program also allows you to print not the entire sheet, but the selected fragment.
Also, scaled maps, like Ozi Explorer, can be printed by the Global Mapper program.
If you followed one of these points, except for 1a, then printing on A4 paper you will spend 6 sheets per card sheet, and on A3 paper 3 sheets. And most of the paper will go to the scraps. And then it will be necessary to glue the sheets from the printer into one sheet of the card. Weird, but fun. Without an A3 printer at home, I used Ozi Explorer to send a map to a virtual printer for printing, which gave birth to PDF files for me, which I already carried on a flash drive to the A3 print service near the metro.
Of course, you can print on a scale, but just take a picture file with a map, print it using the usual Windows tools on one sheet (well, at least A3, otherwise pornography will come out completely) and enjoy. True, then you will already have a map without a defined scale at all. It will definitely not work to measure distances on it, to calculate directions too. Only as an overview map will go.
How else to determine the scale?
In the pictures above, where I drew the origin of the map sheets, the length and width of the map sheet are written in degrees. As you understand, in practice, you will often get sheets where all the information outside the map frame has been cut off, including the inscription on the scale (there used to be a secrecy label that was removed, and a lot of information that interfered with the use maps in the electronic navigator). And the frame always remains (if the person who scanned the card is not a scoundrel), and by counting the width or length of the sheet in angular measures from it, you can determine the scale. Another way to determine the scale of the GS map will be discussed.
Maps of the General Staff in electronic form
When planning a trip at the computer or on the navigator screen, we are dealing with GSh maps in electronic form, which is unnatural for them.
For viewing on a computer SAS Planet, which I have already named, is best suited, you can also view them on the Routes.ru website or nakarte.me.
From the screen Android smartphone: LOCUS MAP. To him you need to put a package of maps from Evgeny where there are maps of the General Staff and many others or from anygis.ru. Instructions for the application from me.
In tourist Garmin navigator It is convenient to upload GSh maps using the same Routes.ru website (download the kmz file and put it in the Garmin — Custom maps folder on the device. detailed instructions). You can also upload it to Garmin as part of the JNX file. Such files can be generated using the same nakarte.me or SAS Planet (instruction). In order for your navigator to display JNX files, you need to buy a subscription to their BirdsEye Satellite Imagery service from Gamine or do something with the device. I have never seen people who bought this subscription.
How to use geographic coordinates (with GPS or astronomical observations) to find a location on a map
On many downloaded map files, you will see a box around the perimeter of the map. The frame is cool. Having a frame allows you to get geographical coordinates(yours or any other object) with a paper map in hand, without a computer and a pocket GPS navigator. What for? The only situation that comes to my mind is a group of tourists who had an emergency, and they do not have a GPS navigator, but they have a map of the General Staff and the ability to contact rescuers. It usually happens that there is GPS, but there is no connection. In practice, I had to do the opposite, using the coordinates in the device, to poke a finger on a piece of paper to the place where we are (well, I didn’t have a map of the General Staff in the navigator in electronic form!). In one of the previous articles, I already talked a little, gave this example.
This is the rare moment when the “degrees, minutes, seconds” coordinate format comes in handy. (On other coordinate formats and which one is better to use, read)
For example. Our coordinates are 55°41’10”C 36°3’50”E. Where are we on the map?
Each corner of the map grid contains the coordinates of that corner. Alternating black and white stripes represent minutes of latitude or longitude. Dots next to the bars separate tens of seconds.
Let's find the latitude first. The latitude of the lower edge of the sheet is 55 ° 40’00”, put one more strip up. We will have 41 ', and we reach the nearest point - this is another 10 ”. I put a line in there.
We perform a similar operation to find the longitude. Only from the corner of the map will we move to the right. The coordinates of the left side of the sheet are 36 ° 00’00”, we lack 3’50” to the required 36 ° 3’50” - these are three stripes and five points. I put a line in there.
At the intersection of the rulers there will be a turn in the road, which I circled in yellow.
Having determined your location on the ground and found it on the map, you can reverse the operation by finding your coordinates. It is only necessary to draw perpendiculars to the vertical and horizontal borders of the map, and then count the required number of stripes and dots from the corners of the map. The resulting coordinates .. well ... uh ... dictate to the rescuers, I guess.
Rectangular (kilometer) coordinate grid and Flat rectangular coordinates
Each textbook, presentation of tourist clubs and gurus in cartography considers it his duty to tell about it, to spend the darkness of his own and others' time. And only in the textbook on military topography of 1977 it is said that this garbage is used for target designation to artillerymen. Well, it's easier for them. The question is, why the hell torturing your head with unnecessary information when the whole world and all other maps use a geographical coordinate system? Why this system for tourists?
Yes, it gives us a coordinate grid with which we determine the scale of the map, if it is not specified anywhere else!
Look at the numbers I circled in red. This is the number of kilometers from ... Narnia / the country of elves / the tail of the World Serpent, it doesn’t matter where it comes from, it doesn’t change the essence, no one has been interested in their absolute value for a long time. Who cares
We are interested in the difference between them. As you can see, it is 1 km. Above, I wrote that the coordinate grid on the maps goes through 2 cm. Divide 1 km by 2, it turns out 500 meters in 1 cm! This means that this is a fragment of the “five hundred meters” map (1:50,000).
Sometimes, for convenience, these numbers are placed in the middle of the map and written near the stripes of the grid. This allows us to determine the scale of the map even if the map border is clipped.
Symbols on topographic maps
Common designations. Nothing complicated, but you need to watch a couple of times. Here are a lot of pictures under the cut:
