Geographic map. Learning to read a map. Reading topographic maps. Concept of the map Reading the map along the route
Reading a map means correctly and fully perceiving the symbolism of its conventional signs, quickly and accurately recognizing from them not only the type and varieties of the depicted objects, but also their characteristic properties.
The study of the terrain on the map (reading the map) includes determining its general nature, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of individual elements ( local items and landforms), as well as determining the degree of influence of a given area on the organization and conduct of combat.
When studying the area on the map, it should be remembered that since its creation, changes may have occurred on the area that are not reflected on the map, i.e., the content of the map to some extent will not correspond to the actual state of the area at the moment. Therefore, the study of the area on the map is recommended to start with familiarization with the map itself.
Introduction to the map. When familiarizing with the map, according to the information placed in the marginal design, the scale, the height of the relief section and the time the map was created are determined. Data on the scale and height of the relief section will allow you to establish the degree of detail of the image on this map of local objects, forms and details of the relief. Knowing the scale value, you can quickly determine the size of local objects or their distance from each other.
Information about the time when the map was created will make it possible to preliminarily determine whether the content of the map corresponds to the actual state of the area.
Then they read and, if possible, remember the declination of the magnetic needle, the direction corrections. Knowing the direction correction by memory, you can quickly translate directional angles into magnetic azimuths or orient the map on the terrain along the kilometer grid line.
General rules and the sequence of studying the area on the map. The sequence and degree of detail of the study of the terrain is determined by the specific conditions of the combat situation, the nature of the subunit's combat mission, as well as seasonal conditions and the tactical and technical data of the military equipment used in the performance of the assigned combat mission. When organizing defense in a city, it is important to determine the nature of its planning and development, to identify durable buildings with basements and underground structures. In the case when the route of movement of the unit passes through the city, it is not necessary to study the features of the city in such detail. When organizing an offensive in the mountains, the main objects of study are passes, mountain passes, gorges and gorges with adjacent heights, the forms of slopes and their influence on the organization of the fire system.
The study of the terrain, as a rule, begins with determining its general nature, and then studies in detail individual local objects, forms and details of the relief, their influence on the conditions of observation, camouflage, maneuverability, protective properties, conditions of firing and orientation.
Determining the general nature of the terrain is aimed at identifying the most important features of the relief and local objects that have a significant impact on the fulfillment of the task. When determining the general nature of the area on the basis of familiarization with the relief, settlements, roads, hydrographic network and vegetation cover, the variety of the area, the degree of its ruggedness and closeness are revealed, which makes it possible to preliminarily determine its tactical and protective properties.
The general character of the area is determined by a cursory survey on the map of the entire area under study.
At first glance at the map, one can tell that there are settlements and separate tracts of forest, cliffs and gullies, lakes, rivers and streams indicating rugged terrain and limited visibility, which inevitably makes it difficult for military and transport equipment to move off-road, creating difficulties in organizing surveillance. At the same time, the rugged nature of the terrain creates good conditions for sheltering and protecting units from the effects of enemy weapons of mass destruction, and forests can be used to mask unit personnel, military equipment, etc.
So, as a result of determining the general nature of the terrain, they make a conclusion about the availability of the area and its individual directions for the actions of units on vehicles, and also outline the boundaries and objects that should be studied in more detail, taking into account the nature of the combat mission to be performed on this area of the terrain.
A detailed study of the terrain is aimed at determining the qualitative characteristics of local objects, forms and details of the relief within the boundaries of the unit's actions or along the forthcoming route of movement. Based on the receipt of such data on the map and taking into account the relationship of topographical elements of the terrain (local objects and relief), an assessment is made of the conditions of passability, camouflage and surveillance, orientation, firing, and the protective properties of the terrain are determined.
The definition of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of local objects is carried out on the map with a relatively high accuracy and great detail.
When studying the map of settlements, the number of settlements, their type and dispersal are determined, the degree of habitation of a particular section (district) of the area is determined. The main indicators of the tactical and protective properties of settlements are their area and configuration, the nature of planning and development, the presence of underground structures, the nature of the terrain on the outskirts of the settlement.
Reading the map conventional signs settlements establish their presence, type and location in a given area, determine the nature of the outskirts and layout, building density and fire resistance of buildings, the location of streets, main thoroughfares, the presence of industrial facilities, prominent buildings and landmarks.
When studying the map of the road network, the degree of development of the road network and the quality of the roads are specified, the conditions for the passability of the area and the possibility of the effective use of vehicles are determined.
With a more detailed study of roads, the following are established: the presence and characteristics of bridges, embankments, excavations and other structures; the presence of difficult areas, steep descents and ascents; the possibility of exit from the roads and traffic next to them.
When studying dirt roads, special attention is paid to identifying the carrying capacity of bridges and ferry crossings, since on such roads they are often not designed for the passage of heavy wheeled and tracked vehicles.
By studying hydrography, the presence of water bodies is determined on the map, and the degree of indentation of the terrain is clarified. Availability water bodies creates good conditions for water supply and transportation by waterways.
Water surfaces are depicted on maps in blue or cyan, so they stand out clearly from the conventional signs of other local objects. When studying the map of rivers, canals, streams, lakes and other water barriers, the width, depth, speed of the current, the nature of the soil of the bottom, banks and the surrounding area are determined; the presence and characteristics of bridges, dams, locks, ferry crossings, fords and areas suitable for forcing are established.
When studying the soil and vegetation cover, the presence and characteristics of forest and shrub massifs, swamps, solonchaks, sands, stony placers and those elements of the soil and vegetation cover that can have a significant impact on the conditions of passability, camouflage, observation and the possibility of shelter are established on the map.
The characteristics of the forest plot studied on the map allow us to conclude that it can be used for the covert and dispersed location of units, as well as the forest's passability along roads and clearings. Good landmarks in the forest for determining your location and orienting yourself on the move are the forester's house and clearings.
The characteristics of swamps are determined by the outlines of conventional signs. However, when determining the passability of swamps on the map, the time of year and weather conditions should be taken into account. During the period of rains and mudslides, swamps, shown on the map as passable by a symbol, in reality may turn out to be difficult to pass. In winter, during severe frosts, impassable swamps can become easily passable.
The study of the relief on the map begins with determining the general nature of the irregularities of the section of the terrain on which the combat mission is to be carried out. At the same time, the presence, location and interconnection of the typical forms and relief details most characteristic of a given area are established, their influence on the conditions of passability, observation, firing, camouflage, orientation and organization of protection against weapons of mass destruction is determined in general terms. The general nature of the relief can be quickly determined by the density and outline of contour lines, elevation marks and conventional signs of relief details.
A detailed study of the terrain on the map is associated with solving problems of determining the heights and mutual elevation of points, the type and direction of the steepness of the slopes, the characteristics (depth, width and length) of hollows, ravines, gullies and other details of the relief.
Naturally, the need to solve specific tasks will depend on the nature of the assigned combat mission. For example, the definition of fields of invisibility will be required when organizing and conducting surveillance reconnaissance; determination of the steepness, height and length of the slopes will be required when determining the terrain conditions and choosing a route, etc.
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Navigator junk, and you need to get from point A to point B and not get lost? You don't have to admit defeat and ask for help. Get a good old card out of the glove compartment! Whether you're hiking in the mountains or planning to cross the country in your car, knowing how to use a map is a very practical and useful skill for anyone. Contrary to popular belief, this is not difficult. Understand key conventions like scale, latitude, longitude, and topographic lines to easily identify any route on the map.
Steps
Part 1
How to read a map- So, road maps make it easier to travel on highways and country roads, topographic maps help travelers get to parking lots and campsites, tourist maps allow tourists to quickly find famous places of interest.
- Cards are sold anywhere: at gas stations, newsstands, tourist centers, cafes and train stations.
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Check the position of the card. Open the map and make sure you are looking at it from the right angle. Usually in one of the corners of the map you can find a compass image, by which it is easy to determine the directions of all the symbols on the map. North is at the top of the map unless otherwise noted.
- North is considered to be a "neutral" landmark, which allows you to determine the rest of the direction. Travelers determine their location by the north.
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Examine the map legend ( conventions). In addition to a picture of a compass, many maps include a legend, or table, explaining the scientific methods involved in creating the map, as well as listing the meanings of important symbols. Study the legend to accurately understand the information depicted on the map.
Consider longitude and latitude. Longitude meridians are geographical coordinates, which indicate the position of a point on the surface of the Earth in the east-west direction relative to the prime meridian. Meridians run vertically from the North Pole to the South Pole (or vice versa, from the South Pole to the North Pole). Parallels of latitude are located parallel to the equator (the "belt" of the globe) horizontally and measure the distance north or south of the equator. The numbers on the four sides of the map correspond to degrees of longitude and latitude. Each degree includes 60 minutes (in this case it is a unit of distance, not travel time), and each minute is equal to 1 nautical mile (approximately 1.85 kilometers).
- The equator and the prime meridian are chosen as convenient landmarks, since they are located approximately in the center of the globe.
- If you have a trip to a neighboring city, then you don’t have to think about latitude and longitude. In the case of long-distance travel, they become invaluable assistants and allow you to clarify your location.
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Consider scale. The scale allows you to define the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance in order to calculate the distances to objects. Each map usually uses a different scale, which is stated as a ratio like "1:100,000". This designation makes it clear that 1 unit of distance on the map is equal to 100,000 units in the real world.
Choose the right type of card. Used for different purposes different cards. Before using a map to determine a route, it is important to make sure you are using the correct type of map.
Part 2
How to navigate the map- Determine the distance on the scale to accurately track your movements.
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Get directions. Now it's enough to choose the roads and paths that will take you from point A to point B. The shortest distance between two points is always a straight line between them. Therefore, it is better to use a direct route with a minimum number of detours.
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Follow the selected route to your destination. Now you can focus on the journey itself. Move confidently and mark every kilometer left behind, check the map from time to time. Do not deviate from the intended route, unless you have chosen another route in advance.
- Usually the route chosen is a matter of preference. Sometimes you need to rush to get to your destination on time, while other times you can enjoy the view and take in the sights.
- If you are traveling in a company, then choose one person who will be responsible for navigation, so as not to argue and not get confused in working with the map.
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Use checkpoints to stay on track. As you travel, mark your new locations on the map with a pencil or pen. Place a dot, star, or other symbol next to each prominent landmark. In this way, you can always determine your position by the last control point, if you need to turn back.
- At each stop, mark the distance traveled and calculate the remaining distance to your destination.
Determine your location. If you are on the road, the easiest way is to pay attention to the nearest road signs and find the corresponding marks on the map. If there are no noticeable objects nearby, then try to match the surrounding area with the images on the map. Mark your location to move in the right direction.
Check the position of the map with a compass (optional). If you are using a compass, it is important to properly calibrate it according to your surroundings to account for possible changes in magnetic attraction (usually such anomalies are always indicated on the map). Sometimes this step is called declension. It is much easier to navigate the place when you just need to turn your head in the right direction.
Designate a destination. Circle on the map the place you want to get to, and then determine the distance between the starting point and the destination. Then use the scale and choose the route that will get you to your destination in the shortest time.
- Always keep the card in a convenient and accessible place.
- Laminate remote maps to protect paper from rain, hail and snow.
- Update your maps every few years to keep track of any changes.
- Buy a kit before your road trip road maps your region. They will show the names and symbols of all highways and many country roads, which may come in handy if the navigator fails.
Warnings
- Make sure the map stays intact. A damaged card can be useless!
- Stick to the roads and paths that are marked on the map. Sometimes it's tempting to cut or drive in a straight line, but the farther into the wilderness that is not mapped, the more difficult it is to get out.
A topographic map is a detailed map of any area of the earth's surface with the terrain, roads, buildings and other objects depicted on it. Topographic maps also depict natural objects - hills, forests, rivers, bushes, swamps, etc. Such detailed system symbols allows you to get an accurate idea of the area on the map. Every person who is concerned about his survival needs to have at home maps of his area of residence and neighboring areas, as well as know the signs and be able to navigate on a map and compass.
At the beginning of use, the card must be positioned correctly. This can be done with the help of the indicated cardinal directions on the map. Any map must indicate where the north, south, east and west.
To measure direct distances on the map, you can use an ordinary ruler, but with its help it is rather problematic to measure the length of complex routes. To determine distances along a complex route, a special device is used -. With the help of a curvimeter, you can measure the distance of any, the most winding line.
Before using a topographic map for orientation, it is necessary to pay attention to the year the map was issued, it is quite possible that where the bushes are indicated on the map, the forest is already rustling. Navigate by old map It is possible only with the help of landmarks that do not change with time, such as large stones, rivers, lakes.
Types of topographic maps
Any topographic map is primarily characterized by scale. The scale is indicated as the ratio of one centimeter on the map to one centimeter of the earth's surface. For example, a map scale of 1:25.000 means that 250 meters of the real surface are drawn on the map in 1 centimeter. Thus, the smaller the scale of the map, the more detailed it is.
Standard scales of topographic maps:
- 1:25000 - the most detailed maps. There are 250 meters in 1cm.
- 1:50000 - 1:100000 - less detailed maps, 1 cm half a kilometer, by increasing the scale allow you to see more terrain on the map, but with a decrease in detail.
- 1:200000 - military maps, intended for planning large-scale troop movements, in building a front. There are 2 kilometers in 1cm.
- 1:500000 and 1:1000000 - on such maps, only the general character of the area can be assessed.
To determine the distance on the map between the desired points, you need to change the distance with a ruler and multiply the resulting centimeters by the scale. For example, on a map with a scale of 1:50000, the distance you measured between two points turned out to be 3.7 cm, multiply this by 500 meters, we get 1850 meters, i.e. 1 kilometer and 850 meters. If you are measuring a straight distance on a map over rough terrain, then you need to pay attention to the terrain. The 1850 meters you measured may be in hilly terrain or swamp. Specialized topographic maps are also distinguished: terrain maps, road maps, aeronautical and other types.
Symbols on topographic maps
To be able to read a map, you need to know the conventions. Firstly, each topographic map has a coordinate system and is divided into squares, each such square is equal to an integer number of kilometers - 1.2 or 4, etc. For a quick search for any object, you can call the coordinates of the required square.
Specialized topographic maps are also distinguished: terrain maps, road maps, aeronautical and other types.
|
Designations on topographic maps of settlements |
cemeteries | Dams | |||
| Residential and non-residential buildings | communication lines |
Designations on topographic maps of the terrain |
|||
| Separate yards | power lines |
a) Basic thickened horizontals |
|||
|
Designations on topographic maps of the road network |
Height marks | ||||
|
quarters with a predominance of fire-resistant buildings |
single track railways. a) - Stations, b) Platforms and sidings | landmark elevations | |||
|
quarters with a predominance of non-fire-resistant buildings |
a) embankments, b) recesses (2 - height or depth in meters) |
A) mounds b) pits |
|||
| Cities with a population of 2,000 to 10,000 inhabitants | narrow gauge railways |
Cliffs (5 - height in meters), ravines, gullies |
|||
| Urban-type settlements with a population of less than 2,000 | improved highways 13 - width of the paved part, 17 width of the road in meters, A - pavement material Asphalt |
Vegetation cover and soils |
|||
| Villages of rural type with the number of houses from 20 to 100 |
Highway. Pipes. |
Characteristics of the stand in meters: 16 tree height, -30 - thickness, 5 - distance between trees |
|||
 |
Rural-type settlements with less than 20 houses |
Improved dirt roads |
A) windbreaks |
||
| plants and factories |
Dirt (country) roads |
A) deforestation |
What: Bicycle orientationOrienteering runningtourist orientation Where:
04/02/2014 Orienteering technique, map reading section
Map reading
The ability to read a map is a complex technical skill, the development and improvement of which continues throughout the entire time of orienteering. In the process of studying conventional signs, exercises with maps in the classroom and on the ground, participating in competitions, athletes improve their understanding of the images on maps of landscape areas of various nature.
When studying in a classroom with three-dimensional models or on the ground, another important skill should gradually develop - identifying landmarks on the ground and comparing them with a map, and vice versa. This is the basis for determining your location on the map and on the ground and is the essence of orienteering in general and orienteering in particular.
Numerous exercises contribute to the memorization of conventional signs and the acquisition of map reading skills, for example, topographic dictations, topographic lotto games, coloring black and white maps, tracing maps, and finding predetermined symbols or time references on maps. One of the most effective and comprehensive ways to quickly master the skills of reading a map, identifying landmarks on the ground, measuring distances and directions is the simplest topographic survey of the area.
On today's highly detailed maps, it is sometimes difficult to find your location: there are so many similar landmarks that catch your eye. Therefore, it is desirable to roll up the map so that only the location area of one or two nearest checkpoints remains on it (Fig. 2). The thumb of the left hand holding the map should be directed along the line of movement, and the nail should fix the place marked by the orienteer as passed. This allows, without wasting time, to pay attention to the area in which the athlete is currently located or which has yet to be passed. With certain training, this method helps to read the map without stopping.
Rice. 2
As map reading skills are mastered, more and more attention should be paid to rough, or selective, reading. Its essence is to understand the general picture of the area in a short time, then to highlight on it the main most clear and well-marked landmarks that it is advisable to use as reference points on the way to advance to the chosen area. An example of such an abstraction of the map and the selection of reference landmarks is shown in Fig. 3.
Rice. 3
This is a section of terrain between CP 6 and 7 on the men's distance of the second world championship (see map VII, where the path of the Swede S. Björk, who won the silver medal, is plotted). Here are Björk's explanations of the "technology" of overcoming the stage:
"I often start by choosing the point from where to" take "the control point seems to be the easiest. I think that in this case it was not possible to go to KP 7 from the west due to the cliffs and hills located across the path. I chose as a binding " bay" swamps at point A. The second place where I wanted to go was the ditch at point B. This allowed me to bypass the difficult area. Points B, A and CP 7 are big "brakes". It did not really matter where to move between them In this case, I ran along the path, I crossed the B-A section roughly according to the compass, counting the steps to a large swamp, then followed the search for its "bay" and exit to A on solid ground. also reading the relief "on the thumb".
Let's consider one more piece of terrain on the map of the first World Cup, held in 1966 in Finland (map V). Difficult area: many rocky ridges oriented in different directions, "ram's foreheads", low hills, insignificant swamps. But KP 8 is installed relatively simply. In front of him on the left and right are two large reference points - a lake and ditches. From CP 7, experienced athletes could move towards them at high speed, almost without reading the map. Other checkpoints on the men's and women's tracks were also not far from the "brake" landmarks. This layout of the course was not accidental: the organizers of the first world orienteering forum wanted all athletes, and not just the strongest, to successfully complete the distance, although it was not difficult to arrange the CP so that the exit to them was challenging task and required accurate map reading on all hauls.
For example, at the stage we have chosen, it is enough that KP 8 is located 450 m southwest, at a small hillock, as shown on map V by a dotted line. In such cases, the division of the stage into segments between reference points requires high technology, and sometimes this is simply impossible to do. Then the stage is overcome at a relatively low speed with accurate reading of the map.
The technique of accurately reading the map without stopping is one of the most difficult elements of orienteering that needs to be worked on every day, especially since the class of course leaders and the complexity of the courses are constantly increasing.
Here is what the Swedish specialist E. Jagerström says about this: “Reading a map is the first companion of the work of thought and therefore the most attractive element of orientation. here is a section of the track, freeing the participants from reading the map.These sections are called "lost kilometers".
Many athletes are well aware of the trends in the development of orienteering and course preparation and are working hard to improve their technical skills. A member of the USSR national team, master of sports V. Kiselev, himself an experienced head of distances, commented on the performance of our athletes at international multi-day competitions in Switzerland:
"We are not very much behind our foreign rivals in physical preparation. But we are lagging behind in map reading, in work around and on the controls. We have few trainings with the map and few conditions for them..."
The problems of improving sports results and the ways of their implementation are defined here quite accurately. We need to take an active part in equipping the training grounds, creating training tracks, searching for new methods and means of training, and preparing multi-color maps. Orienteering athletes can fully accept the call of the Honored Master of Sports O. Goncharenko, addressed to fellow skaters: "Much depends on the coaches. But coaches should not be turned into nannies. The attitude of the athletes themselves to their training should be decisive. Their diligence, discipline, desire to better results."
Interesting workouts aimed at developing the technique of reading and memorizing a map are held in the orienteering section of the Moscow State Technical University. Bauman coach master of sports V. Golovkin. In the classroom, classes are organized aimed at memorizing the map, highlighting landmarks, and choosing the paths of movement. To this end, novice orienteers are given maps for a few minutes to view the stage, and then they are offered to reproduce everything that they managed to remember on a blank sheet of paper. For experienced orienteers, the viewing time is consistently reduced to 30, 15 and 5 seconds.
Classes similar in nature are held during cross-country training. Athletes run in pairs. The coach gives them a map of an arbitrary region, on which a route of a given direction is plotted. During the run, one of the athletes studies the first stage, then passes the card to the partner and tells what he managed to remember; offers a way out to the CP. Partner controls his story. Then the second athlete examines the area between the next pair of controls, returns the map to the first and tells him about the details of "his" area. So they work with the map until the last stage of the drawn route. At the end of the cross-country, the map is returned to the coach, and at home each orienteer draws it from memory in a workbook.
Athletes brothers S. and M. Lavrenyuk, who achieved high sports results, helped us to conduct a control test. To assess memorization, they were offered several unfamiliar cards, which are shown in Fig. 2 and maps III, X, XI. Master of Sports S. Lavrenyuk at the national championship in 1975 as part of the Moscow national team won a bronze medal in the relay. M. Lavrenyuk - candidate master of sports. At the same championship, he won two silver medals among juniors - in the individual championship and the relay.
The test was carried out in a calm state in the afternoon, on a bench in the park. The subjects were presented with cards on which two CPs were connected by a straight line. It was indicated which CP is the initial one and which one is the final one. Within 15 sec. the athletes studied the cards, and then reproduced what they managed to remember on a blank sheet of paper. The results obtained are presented in fig. 4a and 4b. What conclusions can be drawn?
Both orienteers in 15 sec. managed to understand the general nature of the terrain of fairly large areas between the checkpoints, 1.5-2.5 km apart from each other, managed to choose the path to the point and remember the landmarks along the way. Although the maps and the areas depicted on them differed greatly, each athlete managed to remember (regardless of the map) 7-8 landmarks. When reproduced, the main proportions between the landmarks, both angular and linear, were kept quite well.
It is interesting to compare Fig. 4a and 46 with the original (see map III between CP 6 and 7). At first glance, the area seems simple: a small patch of forest among large open spaces. But take a closer look - the terrain is very difficult. It was the general outline of the area that the athletes depicted in their drawings. Both did not have time to understand the contours in detail, choose the path of movement and determine the reference points.
M. Lavrenyuk
Rice. 4a
Rice. 46
When comparing Fig. 4a and 46 with the original (see map XI between control points A and B) it is clear that both athletes managed not only to assess the nature of the area, the location of mountain slopes and streams, but also to outline the path to the control. M. Lavrenyuk chose the mouths of streams as the final binding, at the head of one of which there is a CP. S. Lavrenyuk chose a different path - a path that goes around the slope and the valley of the stream, and then leads without climbing to the area of the command post. This path seems to be more preferable, since on the path chosen by M. Lavrenyuk, difficulties may be encountered when going to the mouth of the stream and when climbing along it to the checkpoint.
In these tests, the reproduction time was not limited, but each time the athletes handed over the drawings after 3-4 minutes.
And here is the opinion of the Swedish specialist L. Gustavsson about memorizing the map. "Running by remembering the drawing of the map is a controversial technique. Many believe that memorization takes more time than simply looking at the map when it is necessary at the real stage. The unreliability factor is also possible: a person overestimates his memory and runs incorrectly. Meanwhile, some for athletes this form of map reading is quite suitable, and through repeated training they can remember exactly those details that are essential.In my opinion, a great benefit from memorizing the map will be in relay orienteering, where in a hurry the athlete does not tend to look at the map too much.In addition , before taking the checkpoint, it is also useful to study the map in order to get an idea of the area of \u200b\u200bits location and the ways to approach it.
It is interesting to compare this opinion with the one expressed by S. Lavrenyuk, who was not familiar with the work of L. Gustavsson and, moreover, did not analyze the results of his studies on card reading technique: who are still working with maps, and my brother and I are already running to the track."
The coach of the Norwegian national team, V. Lorentzen, also believes that the development of the "card memory" allows you to cover the distance faster. “In orienteering,” he writes in a book on training orienteers, “you have to avoid the slightest loss of time. If you feel insecure, you have to stop often and re-orient yourself. To avoid this, you need to remember most of the path. But on difficult stretches of the distance, you need to check yourself on the map.
Card memorization training contributes to the overall development of memory, observation, which is necessary for successful classes. orienteering. Winter competitions on a marked track are an excellent means of developing these qualities and at the same time testing them. In some critical situations that arise both in summer and winter, for example, when losing orientation, developed observation skills and a good memory help to recreate pictures of the traversed sections of the terrain and determine the area of \u200b\u200bthe true location.
Make a route. How to get to and from. Calculation of distances between cities by car, car. Get directions on the map from and to yourself between cities. Create a route by car to points on the map from several points. Fuel calculator. Calculation of the route on foot, by bike.
Create a route by car by points and print. The online navigator will help you create a route, calculate the walking distance on the map, get directions from and to, you will find out how much you need to walk from point A to point B or calculate the distance from point A to point B, you can also get directions through one additional point , through which your route will probably pass. You will be able to plot a route map, calculate the distance and time and see the data of this route directly on the map, it will also show you the weather at the place of arrival, the fuel calculator will calculate the gasoline consumption per 100 km. After clicking on the "Calculate" button, a description of the route will appear on the right, in fact a text navigator: if you chose an additional route point, the navigator will divide its sections and calculate the distance in each section, and also calculate the total distance (mileage) from the point of departure to the point destination, will also display the travel time. The online navigator will show you how to get from and to by car, car in Moscow, St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm from point A to point B. You can get directions several types, depending on the mode of transportation, for example, on foot, by car, by transport (bus, train, metro), by bicycle (this method does not work well in Russia due to the lack of bicycle paths). To do this, you need to select a method from the drop-down list and you can easily get directions and find out how to get to your destination. Here you can find out how to get there by car, pave the way and calculate the distance
How to get to get directions by car to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd, Saratov, Krasnodar, Tolyatti, Tyumen, Izhevsk, Barnaul, Irkutsk, Ulyanovsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Yaroslavl, Makhachkala, Tomsk , Orenburg, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Astrakhan, Ryazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Penza, Lipetsk, Kirov, Tula, Cheboksary, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Ulan-Ude, Stavropol, Magnitogorsk, Sochi, Belgorod, Nizhny Tagil, Vladimir, Arkhangelsk, Kaluga, Surgut , Chita, Grozny, Sterlitamak, Kostroma, Petrozavodsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Novorossiysk
