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General Staff cards. Scales of topographic maps and plans Bogodukh maps m 1 10000

The scale of the map is the ratio of the length of the segment on the map to its actual length on the ground.

Scale ( from German - measure and Stab - stick) is the ratio of the length of a segment on a map, plan, aerial or space image to its actual length on the ground.

Consider the types of scales.

Numerical scale

This is the scale, expressed as a fraction, where the numerator is one, and the denominator is a number showing how many times the image is reduced.

Numerical scale - a scale expressed as a fraction in which:

• the numerator is equal to one,
• the denominator is equal to the number showing how many times the linear dimensions on the map are reduced.

Named (verbal) scale

This is a kind of scale, a verbal indication of what distance on the ground corresponds to 1 cm on a map, plan, photograph.

The named scale is expressed by named numbers denoting the lengths of mutually corresponding segments on the map and in nature.

For example, there are 5 kilometers in 1 centimeter (5 km in 1 cm).

Linear scale

it an auxiliary measuring ruler applied to maps to facilitate the measurement of distances.

Plan scale and map scale

The scale of the plan is the same at all its points.

The scale of the map at each point has its own particular value, depending on the latitude and longitude of the given point. Therefore, its strict numerical characteristic is the numerical scale - the ratio of the length of an infinitely small segment D on the map to the length of the corresponding infinitesimal segment on the surface of the ellipsoid of the globe.

However, for practical measurements on the map, its main scale is used.

Scale expression forms

The designation of the scale on maps and plans has three forms - numerical, named and linear scales.

The numerical scale is expressed as a fraction, in which:

• numerator - unit,
• denominator M - a number showing how many times the dimensions on the map or plan are reduced (1: M)

In Russia, topographic maps have standard numerical scales.

• 1:1 000 000
• 1:500 000
• 1:300 000
• 1:200 000
• 1:100 000
• 1:50 000
• 1:25 000
• 1:10 000
• for special purposes, topographic maps are also created on a scale 1:5 000 and 1:2 000

The main scales of topographic plans in Russia are

• 1:5000
• 1:2000
• 1:1000
• 1:500

In land management practice, land use plans are most often drawn up on a scale 1:10 000 and 1:25 000 , and sometimes - 1:50 000.

When comparing different numerical scales, the smaller one is the one with the larger denominator. M, and vice versa, the smaller the denominator M, the larger the scale of the plan or map.

Yes, the scale 1:10000 larger than scale 1:100000 , and the scale 1:50000 smaller scale 1:10000 .

Note

Applied in topographic maps scales are established by the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation "On approval of requirements for state topographic maps and state topographic plans, including requirements for the composition of the information displayed on them, for the symbols of this information, requirements for the accuracy of state topographic maps and state topographic plans, to the format of their presentation in electronic form, requirements for the content of topographic maps, including relief maps "(No. 271 of June 6, 2017, as amended on December 11, 2017).

Named Scale

Since the lengths of lines on the ground are usually measured in meters, and on maps and plans in centimeters, it is convenient to express the scales in verbal form, for example:

There are 50 m in one centimeter. This corresponds to the numerical scale 1:5000. Since 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters, the number of meters of terrain contained in 1 cm of a map or plan is easily determined by dividing the denominator of the numerical scale by 100.

Linear scale

It is a graph in the form of a straight line segment, divided into equal parts with signed values ​​of the lengths of the terrain lines commensurate with them. The linear scale allows you to measure or build distances on maps and plans without calculations.

Scale Accuracy

The limiting possibility of measuring and constructing segments on maps and plans is limited to 0.01 cm. The corresponding number of meters of terrain on the map or plan scale is the ultimate graphic accuracy of this scale.

Since the accuracy of the scale expresses the length of the horizontal line of the terrain in meters, then to determine it, the denominator of the numerical scale should be divided by 10,000 (1 m contains 10,000 segments of 0.01 cm each). So, for a scale map 1:25 000 scale accuracy is 2.5 m; for the map 1:100 000 - 10 m, etc.

Topographic map scales

numerical scale cards	title cards	1 cm on the map corresponds on the grounddistance	1 cm 2 on the map corresponds on the territory of the square
	five thousandth
1:10 000	ten thousandth
1:25 000	twenty-five thousandth
1:50 000	fifty thousandth
1:1100 000	hundred thousandth
1:200 000	two hundred thousandth
1:500 000	five hundred thousandth or half a millionth
1:1000000	millionth

Below are the numerical scales of maps and their corresponding named scales:

Scale 1:100,000

• 1 mm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 1000 m (1 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 10000 m (10 km) on the ground

Scale 1:10000

• 1 mm on the map - 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 1000m (1 km) on the ground

Scale 1:5000

• 1 mm on the map - 5 m (0.005 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 50 m (0.05 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 500 m (0.5 km) on the ground

Scale 1:2000

• 1 mm on the map - 2 m (0.002 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 20 m (0.02 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 200 m (0.2 km) on the ground

Scale 1:1000

• 1 mm on the map - 100 cm (1 m) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 1000cm (10 m) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 100 m on the ground

Scale 1:500

• 1 mm on the map - 50 cm (0.5 meters) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 5 m on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 50 m on the ground

Scale 1:200

• 1 mm on the map - 0.2 m (20 cm) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 2 m (200 cm) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 20 m (0.2 km) on the ground

Scale 1:100

• 1 mm on the map - 0.1 m (10 cm) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 1 m (100 cm) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 10m (0.01 km) on the ground

Example 1

Convert the map's numerical scale to a named one:

1. 1:200 000
2. 1:10 000 000
3. 1:25 000

Solution:

To make it easier to translate a numerical scale into a named one, you need to calculate how many zeros the number in the denominator ends with.

For example, on a scale of 1:500,000, there are five zeros in the denominator after the number 5.

If after the number in the denominator there are five and more zeros, then by closing (with a finger, a pen or simply crossing out) five zeros, we get the number of kilometers on the ground corresponding to 1 centimeter on the map.

Example for scale 1:500,000

There are five zeros in the denominator after the number. Closing them, we get for the named scale: 1 cm on the map 5 kilometers on the ground.

If after the number in the denominator there are less than five zeros, then by closing two zeros, we get the number of meters on the ground corresponding to 1 centimeter on the map.

If, for example, in the denominator of the scale 1:10 000 close two zeros, we get:

in 1 cm - 100 m.

Answers :

1. in 1 cm - 2 km
2. in 1 cm - 100 km
3. in 1 cm - 250 m

Use a ruler, overlay on maps to make it easier to measure distances.

Example 2

Convert a named scale to a numerical one:

1. in 1 cm - 500 m
2. in 1 cm - 10 km
3. in 1 cm - 250 km

Solution:

For easier translation of a named scale into a numerical scale, you need to convert the distance on the ground indicated in the named scale to centimeters.

If the distance on the ground is expressed in meters, then to get the denominator of the numerical scale, you need to assign two zeros, if in kilometers, then five zeros.

For example, for a named scale of 1 cm - 100 m, the distance on the ground is expressed in meters, so for the numerical scale we assign two zeros and get: 1:10 000 .

For a scale of 1 cm - 5 km, we assign five zeros to the five and get: 1:500 000 .

Answers :

1. 1:50 000;
2. 1:1 000 000;
3. 1:25 000 000.

Types of maps depending on scales

Maps, depending on the scale, are conventionally divided into the following types:

• topographic plans - 1:400 - 1:5,000;
• large-scale topographic maps - 1:10,000 - 1:100,000;
• medium-scale topographic maps - from 1:200,000 - 1:1,000,000;
• small-scale topographic maps - less than 1:1,000,000.

Topographic map

Topographic maps are such maps, the content of which allows solving various technical problems on them.

Maps are either the result of a direct topographic survey of the area, or compiled from available cartographic materials.

The area on the map is depicted at a certain scale.

The smaller the denominator of the numerical scale, the larger the scale. Plans are made on a large scale, and maps are made on a small scale.

The maps take into account the "sphericity" of the earth, but the plans do not. Because of this, plans are not made for areas larger than 400 km² (that is, plots of land approximately 20 km × 20 km).

• Standard scales for topographic maps

In our country, the following scales of topographic maps are accepted:

1. 1:1 000 000
2. 1:500 000
3. 1:200 000
4. 1:100 000
5. 1:50 000
6. 1:25 000
7. 1:10 000.

This series of scales is called standard. Previously, this series included scales of 1:300,000, 1:5000 and 1:2000.

• large scale topographic maps

Scale maps:

1. 1:10,000 (1cm=100m)
2. 1:25,000 (1cm=100m)
3. 1:50,000 (1cm=500m)
4. 1:100,000 (1cm=1000m)

called large scale.

• Other scales and maps

Topographic maps of the territory of Russia up to a scale of 1:50,000 inclusive are classified, topographic maps of a scale of 1:100,000 are DSP (for official use), and smaller ones are unclassified.

Currently, there is a technique for creating topographic maps and plans of any scale, which do not have a secrecy stamp and are intended for open use.

Tale about the map in scale 1:1

Once upon a time there was a Capricious King. One day he traveled around his kingdom and saw how great and beautiful his land was. He saw winding rivers, huge lakes, high mountains and wonderful cities. He became proud of his possessions and wanted the whole world to know about them.

And so, the Capricious King ordered the cartographers to create a map of the kingdom. The cartographers worked for a whole year and finally presented the King with a wonderful map, on which all the mountain ranges were indicated, big cities and large lakes and rivers.

However, the Capricious King was not satisfied. He wanted to see on the map not only the outlines of the mountain ranges, but also the image of each mountain peak. Not only large cities, but also small ones and villages. He wanted to see small rivers flowing into rivers.

The cartographers set to work again, worked for many years and drew another map, twice the size of the previous one. But now the King wished that the map showed passes between mountain peaks, small lakes in the forests, streams, peasant houses on the outskirts of villages. Cartographers drew more and more new maps.

The capricious King died without waiting for the end of the work. Successors one by one came to the throne and died in turn, and the map was drawn up and drawn up. Each king hired new cartographers to map the kingdom, but each time he remained dissatisfied with the fruits of labor, finding the map insufficiently detailed.

At last the cartographers have drawn an Incredible map! It depicted the entire kingdom in great detail - and was exactly the same size as the kingdom itself. Now no one could tell the difference between the map and the kingdom.

Where were the Capricious Kings going to store their wonderful map? The casket for such a card is not enough. You will need a huge room like a hangar, and in it the map will lie in many layers. Do you really need such a card? After all, a life-size map can be successfully replaced by the terrain itself))))

It is useful to know this

• You can get acquainted with the units used in Russia for measuring land areas.
• For those who are interested in the possibility of increasing the area of ​​land plots for individual housing construction, private household plots, gardening, horticulture, owned, it is useful to familiarize yourself with the procedure for registration of cuts.
  
• From January 1, 2018, the exact boundaries of the site must be recorded in the cadastral passport, since it will simply be impossible to buy, sell, mortgage or donate land without an accurate description of the boundaries. This is regulated by amendments to the Land Code. A total revision of the borders at the initiative of the municipalities began on June 1, 2015.
• On March 1, 2015, the new Federal Law “On Amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” (N 171-FZ of June 23, 2014) came into force, in accordance with which, in particular, the procedure for buying out land plots was simplified at the municipalities.You can get acquainted with the main provisions of the law.
• With regard to the registration of houses, baths, garages and other buildings on land owned by citizens, the situation will improve the new dacha amnesty.

When you urgently need to borrow money in Bogodukhov for a short period of time, quick loans and online Bogodukhov credits on a card and in cash can help. We have collected microfinance organizations where you can apply for a microcredit or loan in 1 minute, and find out the decision in 5 minutes.

For example, the UkrPozika company offers to take an urgent online loan or a microloan in Ukraine from UAH 300 to 10,000 with an interest rate of 0% per day for a period of 7 to 30 days.

Bogodukhov microloans on a card and in cash - requirements and a step-by-step scheme

In July 2019, everyone can take a loan to the card urgently and without refusal in Bogodukhov. To do this, you do not have to look for guarantors and confirm income - a passport and TIN are enough

First, you compare the existing options with each other, then choose the most suitable one according to the conditions (microcredit size, period, rate, age of the borrower) and fill out the questionnaire. When applying for an instant round-the-clock loan or online loan to a card in Bogodukhov, they are usually asked to provide the following data:

• Surname, name and patronymic;
• Gender and date of birth;
• Number mobile phone and email address;
• TIN (individual tax number).

After filling out and sending the questionnaire, the application is considered on average 10-20 minutes. If approved, you will receive an SMS confirmation or an email, and after activating the loan agreement, the money will be transferred by the method you specified.

Benefits of online money loans

1. Transferring money online to a card, account or wallet, or cash withdrawal in the city of Bogodukhov.
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6. Beginners can get an online loan on a card from UAH 200 to 3,000 for a period of up to 30 days almost instantly and without refusal and spend it at their discretion. However, for the second and subsequent loans, provided there are no delays and non-payments, the lender can approve a much larger amount - up to 15-20 thousand hryvnia, and for a longer period.

Ways to repay loans in Bogodukhov

In 2019, you can pay off the debt not only in cash at the office of a financial company, but also in other ways:

• auto payment from a linked bank card;
• bank transfer from account to account;
• through payment terminals in Bogodukhov: Ibox, EasyPay, Qiwi;
• in your personal account (if any).

One of the most common and detailed maps Ukraine are maps of the General Staff. Mostly they were compiled and published in the period of 70-80 years of the last century. However, despite the past years, today on the Internet you can find scans of such maps in a very decent resolution. In total, they occupy a little over 900 megabytes. Maps of the General Staff of Ukraine, as a rule, have a traditional scale - 1:100000. The value of these maps is almost immeasurable. They provide an opportunity to form an idea of ​​the situation for 70-80 years, and also help to compare the old and new card to calculate what changes have occurred.

In order to freely use the cards of the General Staff of Ukraine, special superpowers are not required. It is enough just to have access to them, to own the system symbols and know the measurement techniques that are commonly used in map work. Perhaps, due to inexperience, someone will have problems using the card. What do you need to know about the General Staff to prevent this from happening?

A bit about the military term

To begin with, it must be said that, in fact, the General Staff was created after the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. Today it is the main body of the country in matters of state defense planning, command and control of the armed forces, control of military formations, government bodies, executive power, etc. In special cases, such as an emergency situation in the country, the General Staff also receives the powers of the working body of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander APU. That is, the responsibility for making all decisive decisions rests with the staff of this organization.

AT broad sense It is generally accepted that the General Staff is the main command and control body of the troops. But if you delve into the meaning of the term, you will notice that in different countries understand and interpret
differently. In Germany, for example, the General Staff was the body of operational leadership, which commanded the ground forces, aviation and navy. In France, he controlled the training of troops and the provision of all necessary operations. It is logical to assume that the highest ranks are enrolled in the General Staff, whose experience and knowledge are necessary in solving the most important issues in the fate of the country. The defense of the state can be entrusted only to people who know their business. That is why the best cadres of the highest military staffs are admitted to the General Staff. As a rule, these are those who have already reached the position of general.

Maps of the General Staff of Ukraine (original sheets) require careful preservation. Since only a careful attitude to valuable cartographic material is a guarantee that this material will not become disposable within the framework of a particular task, but will also serve for subsequent use. It will ensure proper preservation of the map of the General Staff of Ukraine by its correct initial folding. After all, numerous kinks contribute to rapid wear, in particular, in the same places of kinks.

Today, downloading a map of the General Staff is the easiest and most affordable way for every Internet user. Information of interest is available in the form of photographs, as well as files linked to gps navigators and the ozi explorer program (in ozf2 and map format).