Map language. Map - the second language of geography Methods of studying the Earth

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Planned result

• Students should: know/understand the definition of cartography as a science, the importance of cartographic research methods;
• Be able to read various types of geographical maps;
• Make a description of the development of the main methods of studying the Earth;
• Determine the geographic location of an object

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Main content

• History of the development of methods for studying the Earth. Examples of methods of description, observation, statistical, modeling, etc.
• Cartographic research method, its uniqueness. Examples of cartographic sources of various historical periods.
• The value of geographical maps in human life, examples.
• The science of cartography.
• Creation modern maps graphic images

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Goal and tasks

Purpose: to form an idea of ​​the cartographic method as a special method of geographical science.

• To form an idea about the development of methods for studying the Earth, about the science of cartography;
• To form an idea about the significance of geographical maps in human life, how to create them;
• Start developing the ability to describe the geographical location of an object

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You will learn:

1. What methods of studying the Earth exist

2. How geographers use maps

3. How maps are made

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Methods for studying the Earth

People have learned to describe and remember the surrounding area. This is preserved in rock art, myths and legends.

There were 2 ancient methods: observation and description.

1. They showed hunting grounds, trails, dangerous places.

2. Later they learned to show distances and areas using maps.

cartographic method

As new territories are explored...

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Fragment of a rock drawing

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• collection method.
• Collections of stones, herbariums, stuffed animals were brought.
• field method
• Collection of material on the ground
• cameral method.
• Processing of collected material
• New computer technologies, programs, devices for collecting and searching for information have appeared. A new method has emerged.

SIMULATION METHOD

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Remember:

• What is a map?
• How did you use the cards in previous lessons?
• What types of cards do you know?

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Types of images of the earth's surface

• A globe is a three-dimensional model of the planet, reduced many times over.
• A map is a generalized reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.
• A plan is a drawing on which conventional signs depicted in a reduced form a small area of ​​the earth's surface. The conventional signs of the plan differ from the conventional symbols of the map.

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Types of cards

• By content
• By area coverage
• Scale
• General geographic (physical) - show the relief, rivers, lakes, seas
• Thematic - devoted to certain topics: the distribution of the population, the position of countries
• The content, coverage of the territory and scale of the map is determined by its purpose
• Purpose of cards
• Educational
• Scientific reference
• Tourist

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The science of maps as a special way of reflecting reality, their creation and use is called cartography.

"The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the starting and ending moment of any geographical research"

N.N. Baransky geographer of the twentieth century.

The program of extracurricular activities "Map - the second language of geography"

The work program is based on:

Federal state educational standard of basic general education.

The fundamental core of the content of general education.

Requirements for the results of mastering the main educational program of basic general education, presented in the federal state educational standard of general education of the second generation.

An exemplary program of basic general education in geography as an invariant (mandatory) part of the curriculum.

Among geographical skills, cartographic skills occupy a special place.

The famous Soviet geographer N.N. Baransky. “Mapthere is "alphaand omega” (i.e. beginning and end) of geography. From the map, all geographical research proceeds and comes to the map; it begins with the map and ends with the map. Without a map, even a poor one, they don’t go on a geographical expedition, but the results of the expedition are put on the map, clarifying and enriching it”

The purpose of the work program is the creation of conditions for the comprehensive development of the child's personality, the formation of geographical knowledge, skills, experience of creative activity and a value attitude to the world; understanding the patterns of development of the geographical envelope through the formation of cartographic literacy of students, the development of skills in working with new modern cartographic products.

Tasks courses are specified in blocks for each period of study.

The usefulness of the course. For the study of geography in grades 5 and 6, 35 hours are allotted. For 1 hour a week, it is difficult to form practical skills in children, skills of working with different thematic maps.

Relevance of the course . The course involves the development of students' practical skills in working with a map, which in the context of expanding international economic, political and cultural ties, international tourism is an important tool for analyzing information, and in the future will contribute to more successful socialization of graduates. In modern conditions, it is increasingly necessary to use electronic and satellite maps required to be able to read and analyze. In this regard, the study of GIS technologies andGPS- navigation systems.

The study of all sections of the course will help the development of geographical nomenclature, which is one of the goals cartographic preparation, namely - "knowledgecards".

The practical significance of the course. The formation of cartographic literacy is an integral part of teaching geography in educational institutions. Cartographic literacy implies knowledge of the main models of the earth's surface, the ability to use them as sources of information, create the simplest of them, as well as knowledge of geographical nomenclature. If children learn to read and analyze a map, they will be able to make their own complete description territory (mainland, country, city), geographical feature, etc.The program provides for mastering the skills of project activities, which contributes to the development of independence, creativity and communication of students.

The place of the course in the system of geographical education at school. The content of the course in the basic school is a basic link in the system of continuous geographical education and is the basis for subsequent level and profile differentiation. Well "Map– the second language of geography” provides additional opportunities for the formation of cartographic literacy of students and eliminates many of the shortcomings associated with the reduction in the number of hours in basic geography courses.

Form of organization of classes: circle.

Summing up forms: the program provides for diagnostic work at the end of the academic year (project defense, meta-subject quiz, olympiad).

Basic principles program building:

continuity: in the work program, continuity is observed with exemplary programs of primary general education, including the use of the main types of educational activities of students, with the program in geography for basic general education;

sequence: the construction of the educational content of the course is carried out sequentially from the general to the particular, from simple to complex, taking into account the implementation of intra-subject and meta-subject communications;

combination of science and accessibility: the program is based on latest achievements cartography, and accessibility is achieved through the use of modern educational technologies;

personality-oriented approach and socialization: taking into account the individual characteristics of students

Stages of the program implementation:

5-6 classes. Well " Map is the second language of geography. Geographic models of the Earth” is propaedeutic in relation to other courses.

aim course is the development of geographical knowledge, skills, experience of creative activity and emotional and value attitude to the world, through the formation of cartographic literacy of schoolchildren.

tasks :

formation of interest in geography;

to give knowledge about the features of the image of the earth's surface on the main types of geoimages: globe, terrain plans, geographic maps, aerial photographs, satellite images;

formation of the ability to navigate in space on the basis of specific geographical means (plan, map, etc.), as well as to use geographical knowledge to organize one's life;

the formation of ideas about the unity of nature, the explanation of the simplest relationships between the processes and phenomena of nature, its parts;

formation of ideas about toponymy and the origin of geographical names;

formation of ideas about the countries of the world.

7th grade. I know " Map is the second language of geography. Geography of the Earth” students develop knowledge about the geographic integrity and heterogeneity of the Earth. The content of the course is supplemented by regional knowledge.

Maingoal course: the development of ideas about the diversity of nature and the complexity of the processes occurring in it, the formation of a minimum of knowledge about the countries and peoples of the world.

During the study of the course, the followingtasks :

expansion of ideas about the nature of the Earth;

creation of figurative representations of large regions of the world and countries, highlighting the features of nature, natural resources and population;

development of geographical literacy through working with maps of various content, studying the ways of depicting geographical objects and phenomena used on these maps;

the formation of specific geographical and general educational skills to compile geographical descriptions of territories, as well as the features of the distribution of natural objects and phenomena according to cartographic sources;

development of ideas about the placement of natural and anthropogenic objects;

development of understanding of the impact of man on the state of nature and the consequences of the interaction of nature and man;

formation of ideas about the countries and peoples of the world.

8th grade. Well " Map is the second language of geography. Geography of Russia” performs an important educational and ideological function.

homegoal course - the formation of the geographical image of their homeland in all its diversity and integrity based on an integrated approach and showing the interaction and mutual influence of the three main components - nature, population and economy.

During the study of the course, the followingtasks :

formation of the ability to work with maps of various contents;

development of skills to analyze, compare, use in everyday life information from various sources - maps, statistical data, Internet resources;

formation of an idea about changes in the administrative map of the Russian Federation;

the formation of socially significant personality traits: citizenship, patriotism; civil and social solidarity and partnership; civil, social and moral responsibility; adequate perception of the values ​​of civil society; concern for the maintenance of inter-ethnic peace and harmony;

development of a sense of respect for one's small homeland through active knowledge and preservation of native nature;

pre-profile orientation.

Grade 9 Well " Map is the second language of geography. GIS -technology" contributes to the comprehensive development of the individual, the successful socialization of graduates and the mastery of an important means of analyzing information.

Target: to give an idea of ​​the methods of working with modern cartographic material (electronic maps and geographic information systems (GIS)).

During the study of the course, the followingtasks :

show the main differences between paper and electronic maps;

introduce the features of electronic maps and GIS;

show the possibility of using GIS when performing creative tasks and work on projects;

to form practical skills in working with electronic maps and GIS when working on projects;

pre-profile orientation.

Course contentThe map is the second language of geography. Geographic models of the Earth ” (grades 5-6) is aimed at the formation of universal educational activities that ensure the development of cognitive and communicative qualities of the individual. Students are involved in project and research activities, which are based on such learning activities as the ability to see problems, ask questions, classify, observe, conduct an experiment, draw conclusions and conclusions, explain, prove, defend their ideas, define concepts, structure material and etc. Students are involved in communicative educational activities, where such types of it predominate as the ability to fully and accurately express their thoughts, argue their point of view, work in cooperation (in pairs and groups), present and communicate information orally and in writing, enter into dialogue, etc.

Program content.

Grade 5 35 hours.

Topic 1. Cartography. (2 hours)

Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information. Cartography. The meaning of the cards.

Topic 2. Earth and its image. (4 hours)

The first ideas about the shape of the Earth. Evidence for the sphericity of the earth. Experience and the first maps of Eratosthenes. The shape, size and movement of the Earth. Globe - a model of the globe. Area plan. Aerial photographs and space photographs.

Practical work:

Work on the project (The first maps of Eratosthenes. The invention of the compass. Space images).

Topic 3. School of Robinsons. (8 ocloc'k)

Topographic maps. Conditional signs. Scale. Determination of distance by topographic map and site plan. sides of the horizon. Compass. Orientation by local features and compass. The image of the unevenness of the earth's surface.

Practical work:

The game "Traveltopographic map.

Topic 4. History of geographical discoveries . (9 hours)

Journeys of primitive man. Accumulation of knowledge about the Earth. Maps of the first travelers. Atlas of non-existent lands and mysterious maps. The study of the Earth's surface is the result of the heroic efforts of many generations of people. Modern expeditions and researches. Thor Heyerdahl's expedition to "Kon-Tiki. deep-sea submersiblesWorld-1" and "World-2”.

Practical work:

Working on a common projectAtlasnon-existent lands and mysterious maps”.

Topic 5. Geographic map. (10 hours)

Variety of geographical maps. Features of the image of the earth's surface on various types geographic maps. physical map hemispheres. Map of natural zones of the world. natural areas. Arctic deserts. Taiga. Mixed forest. Steppe. Desert. Moist equatorial forests.

Practical work:

Working on a common projectNaturalzones in cartoons.

Program content.

6th grade. 35 hours.

Topic 1. Lessons in understanding the map. Geographic map. (13 hours)

Variety of geoimages and geographic maps. Features of the image of the earth's surface on the globe, satellite images and maps. Globe is a model of the Earth. Geographical coordinates. geographic latitude. Geographic longitude. Ways of cartographic representation: the image of the unevenness of the earth's surface, icons, linear signs, signs of movement and areas.

Practical work:

Comparison of outlines of continents, seas and oceans, large islands and peninsulas.

Definition geographical coordinates.

Drawing up a geographical description on the map.

Project "Usagegeographic maps.

Topic 2. We are young cartographers. (8 ocloc'k)

Maps of continents and oceans, a variety of their content. Thematic cards. Map “Structureearth's crust." Lithospheric plates. Earthquakes. Seismograph. Volcanoes. Geysers.

Practical work:

Determination of the cartographic image methods used on the geographic maps of the school atlas

Project "We createdesigner of lithospheric plates”.

Topic 3. We are young toponymists. (7 o'clock)

Toponymy. Toponymist. How many place names are there on the entire globe. toponymy of the area.

Practical work:

Geographical names of your area.

Project "Cataloggeographical names of the Oryol region”.

Project "pathsOryol woodland”

Topic 4. Countries of the world. (4 hours)

How many countries on earth. European countries.

Practical work .

Project "Fairytale map of Europe".

The geographic map is the main didactic guide in teaching geography. In the lessons with the help of a map, we can see the whole world at once and study its parts in more detail. Without a map, geography, as the science of the earth, could not exist. In the process of working with the map in the lesson, we use it as a source of new knowledge - this helps to make the learning process interesting and exciting.

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The map is the living language of geography

Everything changes! Times, customs, even the course of the stars.

One thing remains unchanged - the infinite curiosity of man.

N.N. Baransky

Geography is traditionally considered one of the classic school subjects. “Although the zenith of her fame has long passed, she is used to being content with the position of the “golden mean” of school subjects, being responsible for her niche in secondary education. After all, no one can deny that this is the only subject of an ideological nature that forms in students a comprehensive and systematic idea of ​​the Earth as a planet of people. Geographic culture is an important component of the general culture of man. The language of geographical names, in contrast to the language of formulas and equations, has long become the language of general cultural communication between people” (5). It is in geography lessons that the formation of an ethno-cultural component is important. The component is work with geographical maps. And the newly emerging needs of society put forward the need to create a methodology for working with the map. "Geography" in translation means "description of the earth", which still remains its main goal.Among the many tasks of geography is to identify the features of the interaction of different processes in each territory, to summarize the available materials and create a vivid, memorable image of the place, that is, to solve the problem of describing the territory.Many geography teachers (including myself) believe that the greatest practical value in all the variety of school geography has a cartographic direction. Only a map can give a person an idea of ​​the position in space. As you know, without geographical map no geography. “And man has long possessed a wonderful tool that opens the eyes of our entire planet, and gives a detailed picture of its individual parts, nature, population, economy. This tool is a geographical map” (2). The geographical map is the main didactic tool in teaching geography. Why is the map so important in geography? This is determined by the specifics of our subject. “The earth is so large that it is inaccessible to simultaneous direct observation. Most of the objects studied in the school course of geography, due to their remoteness, large or small size, rarity, cannot be observed by students, so the importance of visibility for the formation of ideas and concepts is very high" (2). In the lessons with the help of a map, we can see the whole world at once and study its parts in more detail. Without a map, geography, as the science of the earth, could not exist. It is no coincidence that among the ancient Greeks, geography took shape as a science simultaneously with the invention of the geographical map. “And already in the Stone Age, the predecessors of modern maps were created - drawings on the walls of cave dwellings, schematically showing the territory surrounding a person’s dwelling - rock art” (4).

What does the map give in teaching geography? The students and I can use the map to determine the geographical position of any object. By determining geographic coordinates, we can accurately determine the location of this object. The map shows us the location of objects of interest on the surface of the Earth. Without a map, it would be difficult to carry out a comprehensive examination of geographical phenomena and processes. You can study not only the position, but also the size and shape of geographical objects. With the help of the map, we study the geographical nomenclature in the lessons. The geographic map is not only an instrument of knowledge and visual material She is like a fascinating book. Therefore, the task of any teacher is, first of all, to teach a student to work with a geographical map - to form the skills of reading a map. “The geographical map is of great educational and practical importance. Working with atlas maps and contour maps forms children's interest in geography, increases motivation to study the subject, promotes the development of creative imagination and thinking, enriches oral speech" (3). In the process of working with a map in a lesson, we use it as an illustration of knowledge about objects or phenomena told by a teacher or read in a textbook, as a source of knowledge about a depicted object or phenomenon, as a source of new knowledge derived from inferences, but not directly depicted. This helps to make the learning process interesting and exciting, to involve students in search and research activities.

« The rapid development of computer technologies in the modern world, their introduction into all spheres of human activity make the problem of computerization modern education one of the most relevant. Computer literacy is becoming today not only a characteristic feature of a specialist-professional, but also an important indicator of a person’s general culture” (7). Therefore, one of the directions for improving the work of a modern geography teacher is associated with the active use of a computer in geography lessons. The performance of the function of managing educational activities is an essential feature of the use of a computer as a learning tool.

Physical geography is a school subject designed to form a figurative idea in children about our planet. I believe that it is necessary, along with the study of the textbook and the oral presentation of the material, to use one of the "languages" of international communication - a geographical map, as well as modern geoinformation technologies and Internet resources. “The use of the Internet in the educational process has positive characteristics - students develop thinking skills, develop the skills to select the necessary information, and increase information literacy” (6). The use of modern forms of lessons at school, in particular a lesson using an Internet resource, is a powerful incentive in teaching geography. Information technologies with correctly used pedagogical technologies create the necessary level of quality, variability and differentiation of education. Non-standard and entertaining tasks, during which the student turns to the map, develop the child's imaginative thinking, the ability to analyze the information received.

The material that we give in the lesson is voluminous and diverse. Internet resources help to supplement the lesson with the necessary cards, make up for the lack of necessary cards. Internet resources, electronic textbooks, presentations are used by me in the classroom for various purposes: to ensure independent individual and group work of students to master new material, to implement a differentiated approach to organizing educational activities, to control the quality of education, etc.

For example, sixth graders are just beginning to explore the world, it is difficult for them to absorb a large amount of information. Therefore, in the lesson, they can see not only the volcano that is depicted in the textbook, but get acquainted with the volcanoes Korovin, Pavlov, Velyaminov, named after Russian explorers of northwestern America ( http:// www.ecosystema.ru.). The more characteristic features of each volcano the child remembers, the more complex and realistic this concept will be for him. All the objects under consideration must be found on the map and in the atlas during classes.

Used Books:

6. Hare D.V. Internet resources in geography lessons. M .: Pedagogical University "First of September", 2008

7. Filatova, N.B. Computer in a geography lesson. Scientific and methodological journal "Geography at school", M .: "School-press", No. 2, 2001

The geographical map, one of the most remarkable creations of the human mind, appeared already at the dawn of civilization. The oldest surviving cartographic images, Babylonian and Egyptian, date back to very early times - the third and second millennia BC. The first real geographical maps were created by the ancient Greeks. It is in ancient Greece that the origins of cartography and geography, as well as many other sciences, lie. The Greeks were among the first to propose the sphericity of the Earth, calculated its dimensions, came up with the first map projections introduced meridians and parallels. Since then, cartography, which developed in close connection with geography, has come a long and difficult path, turning into a comprehensively developed branch of knowledge.

Modern maps display a wide variety of natural and social phenomena: relief and vegetation, population density and administrative divisions, industry and transport. There are maps (soil, climatic, political, etc.) that reflect a single phenomenon, and there are maps that depict several phenomena (for example, complex economic maps that characterize industry, agriculture, and communication routes). It is well known how widely maps are used. No work related to the study of the territory can be carried out without a map. The map is essential for sailing. Without a map, it is impossible to design the construction of factories and roads, to properly plan agricultural land. Maps teach geography and history. The map is used by tourists, climbers and people who simply want to get acquainted with the area they are about to visit. With a pattern of icons and interweaving of lines, a palette of colors and fonts for inscriptions, the map tells about an unfamiliar territory, and behind the conventional signs there is a living geographical reality - rivers, mountains, cities, factories. For a person who knows how to “read” a map, loves it and has imagination, there is genuine poetry hidden in it, captivating magic. Especially since best cards- these are not only scientific works, but, one might say, works of art, distinguished by the beauty and elegance of design.

The development of geography is unthinkable without a geographical map. It allows you to describe geographical phenomena in the most visual and concise form. In fact, no literary description can replace a map, because it does not have its accuracy and clarity, does not give a visual representation of the shape, size and relative position of objects, does not allow one to evaluate spatial relationships. How many words would be needed to describe a sufficiently large territory without missing anything important! The map gives an idea of ​​the whole area at once. We must not forget also that the textual description compared to cartographic image much more subjective. And sometimes the language is almost unable to convey all those whimsical curves of contours, bizarre directions of lines that the map conveys so easily and expressively.

The map is the instrument of labor of the cartographer, the most important instrument of geographical research. By means of a map, the geographer establishes spatial relationships between phenomena and deduces their geographical patterns. Almost every geographical study, whether it is the determination of the height of the snow cover or the study of cargo transportation, begins with a map and ends with a map, that is, it is carried out using maps on which the received data is “superimposed”, and ends with the creation of new maps with new, enriched content. After comprehending the results of the conducted research, “conclusion maps”, “inference maps” are created. Such, for example, are maps of climatic or economic regions.

Only by carefully analyzing the map, one can correctly understand and comprehensively comprehend the geographical position of a country or region, city or plant - the position in relation to mountain ranges, seas, mineral deposits, communication routes, large industrial centers, etc.

Just as a chemist, speaking about a substance, first of all recalls its chemical formula, a geographer, speaking about this or that territory, about this or that object, first of all recalls their cartographic image.

Of course, a map cannot and should not completely replace geographical description. But without it, there is no geography.

After all, a map is a special, “second language” of geography, a language that geography cannot do without.