Analyze ancient and modern maps. Very old maps. On the map, Tartaria is located on the lands of the Cossacks
In modern times, geographical maps are used by many people, especially schoolchildren. The distant ancient times were no exception, where there were also maps to help people navigate the areas. For example, the ancient maps of Russia of the 9th-14th centuries show which territories were occupied by certain Slavic tribes. Also, maps of Russia show where the specific principalities were located during the period of feudal fragmentation. In addition, the map of ancient Russia indicated the directions of upcoming or completed military campaigns.
Briefly about the map, the history of occurrence
Modern maps are very different from each other. Some maps introduce you to a particular area, some depict reliefs, some show the names of continents, countries, cities. In addition, there are sea charts containing information about the bottom and coastlines, about obstacles for the navigator.
It is worth noting that the cards have a long history. Archaeologists found a schematic representation of a certain area on the rocks. Studies have shown that such cards relate to the life of primitive man. Ancient maps showed streams, paths, fields - everything that interested people of that time.
Of course, there were no inscriptions, because maps began to appear long before the invention of writing. But instead of inscriptions, people used special conventional signs. Also on the cards one could see drawings of animals, people, trees.
An interesting fact from history: Already in the 19th century, scientists from Russia tried to teach the representatives of the Marshall Islands to read and write, but they did not succeed. People didn't understand how letters could convey words and sentences. But at the same time, the inhabitants of these islands were well versed in the technique of drawing maps. Such maps have been made in this area since ancient times, passing this craft from generation to generation.
What did their map look like? The dried fibers of the leaves were taken, a lattice was woven from them. Shells were placed in the right places of the lattice. If we talk about the nodal points of the grid, then these intersections told about the currents in the ocean and the winds that constantly dominated there. The shells played the role of atolls and reefs.
It is worth noting that each card of this type was kept in strict confidence. They did not take their cards into the sea so that they would not be lost there. The inhabitants of the island kept all the information in their heads, and at the same time they kept the map on the shore.
Geographic maps, their creators 
According to scientists, the first creator geographical map is Anaximander, the famous scientist Ancient Greece. He drew his first map in the 6th century BC. On his map, he depicted the planet as a flat circle that was surrounded on all sides by water. But the first map of Russia was called the Big Drawing. Scientists are sure that it was created in the 16th century. Unfortunately, this map, its drawings and additions did not reach us. Only an appendix has been preserved, which contained basic information about nature, roads, rivers, cities and fortifications of the state.
It is worth noting that the map of ancient Russia of the 9th century shows the borders of the state of that time, the main natural objects, and also introduces the neighbors of Russia. Also, the ancient maps of Russia are the subject of study in the lessons of geography and history, as they help to acquaint modern schoolchildren with the features of the life of their ancestors.
Video: Tartaria - the empire of the Rus (ancient maps of Russia)
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The history of the country is reflected in the maps that people began to make a long time ago. They depicted not only their state, but also their neighbors. The cards were labeled. Reading them, we learn the names of neighboring and distant countries. State borders are well traced and much more.
What is depicted on ancient Russian maps? Why are they not given in the textbooks of Russian history? And if they do, then, as a rule, these are maps of the 18th-19th centuries. Of course, there are maps in textbooks, and there are many of them, but these maps are not ancient, but made by modern artists according to historians.
Let's search authentic ancient russians cards. We are not the first to do this. They were looked for before us in the 18th century by V. N. Tatishchev. Here is what he writes about the results of his searches.
“About the beginning in Russia of geographical art or an exact description, I do not find anywhere, except that Nestor described the peoples who were before and at that time. According to him, the continuators of the chronicle remember the reigns, but everything that belongs to geography is very obscure and insufficient. Then Simon, Bishop of Suzdal, says: the great prince Konstantin the Wise described all the nations and borders, but it has not come down to us. According to him, Tsar John II (Ivan IV. - A. G.), about which in 1552 it is said that he ordered to measure the land and make a drawing of the state. However, this drawing is nowhere to be seen, except that in the Kazan archive for one Kazan possession, as I remember, it was made on 16 sheets without a scale, but signed from place to place by a mile (as we see, our ancestors understood the importance of maps, once versts put down. - A. G.). Only the book, called the Great Drawing, remained, and, I think, Macarius understands this drawing. It describes rivers, lakes, mountains and noble villages with a distance that was begun, seems to be under John the Great, and under his grandson Tsar John II and after under Tsar Alexy, it was supplemented, but under the latter much of it was damaged from dilapidation and the supplement could not correct everything, as there is no description of the Moscow river and other notables, and there are many obvious errors and prophets in it. However, although it is very necessary and useful for Russian geography, for this I explained it, supplemented it and attached the alphabetical painting.
Under Tsar Boris, a land map was made with satisfied art, and although it is not entirely serviceable, however, it shows a lot about the Eastern Tatars, which has not been found in any foreign map so far, especially Bukharia and the Aral Sea, which he calls Blue, quite decently made. Under him and during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, I found three different land maps of Siberia made by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the general Russian and several particular ones, all on one sheet of plain paper, and from the general one it is clear that someone understood the Latin language, because he put a lot of Latin words and divided by degrees. I found these land cards in Siberia with a nobleman in a book bound, as if wondrous weight, in 1739 I wanted to present to Her Imperial Majesty. Then, under Tsar Alexy, in 1664, the above-announced book Big Drawing was supplemented, nobly, for the composition of the land map (it seems that the drawing is not yet a map, but only a verbal description. - A. G.), which was created, we do not see. Witsen, the steward of Amsterdam, announced that it was carved and printed on a tree, except that, according to a test that was satisfied with me, no one appeared to see it printed, and although they say that it is in the Senate archive, only no one could find and show me " (Tatishchev, T. 1, p. 348).
Thus, in Russia they “didn’t like” geography, and if they did maps, they somehow disappeared into oblivion by themselves. And Peter the Great, so he ended up without maps of his own state. After all, the card is “wonderful things” and is found only in Siberia.
Maybe in Europe the situation with ancient maps was just as bad? Let's make a reservation, we are only interested in those ancient Western European maps that depict Russia. Here is a quote from Klyuchevsky's book, which speaks of the interest of foreigners in Russia. “Although it was known at the beginning of the 18th century that “these people are afraid to go to Russia, thinking that going there means going to the“ end of the world ”, that this country borders on the“ India ”. Meanwhile, at the same time that such ideas about Russia dominated in Western Europe, not a single European country has not been described in detail by travelers from Western Europe so many times as distant Muscovy” (Klyuchevsky, 1991. p. 5)
Indeed, there are many ancient descriptions and many maps about Russia and Muscovy. In Europe, books with maps of Russia and Tartaria are published with surprising regularity.
Let us list them (you can look them up on the Internet at http:// users . univer . omsk . su /~ guts / History /).
1 Mauro, Fra. Manuscript planisphere of 1460.
In particular, Russia is depicted (south - above, north - below; Tartaria in the Don region, Saray, Horde on the Volga, Gothia at the mouth of the Dnieper):
Rossia, Tartaria in Europe.
Another map from this atlas. On it is Russian Asia in 1460! Its name is Sarmatia (to the east of it - Tanguts). There is also Siberia on the map.
2. Giacamo Gastaldi. A map of Russia. Vienna, in a Latin edition of 1549.
3. Anthony Jenkenson. 1562. Russiae, Moscoviae et TartariaDescriptio.
Russia, Tartaria, including the Don region, cassac (Cossacks?) on the Irtysh (or Ob), which flows into Lake China (?)).
The information supplied on the map is based on the travels of Anthony Jenkinson who in 1557 and 1561 sought to open trade to Persia by way of northern Russia for England's Muscovy Company.Originally published in Ortelius's Atlas, this map was also included in Gerard de Jode's Speculum Orbis Terrarum.
4 Gerard Mercator 1595. Ukraine, Russia, Tartaria.
On the map, Tartaria is located on the lands of the Cossacks.
5. Isaac Massa. 1620. Russiae vulgo Moscovia, Pars Australis, Paris.
An area called Pole is highlighted above the Don River. On the map in point Z, Tartaria was here. Pole is also on the map of 1678, and the Tatars live a little higher.
From the Atlas of Johannes and Cornelius Blaeu. The figures at the bottom are dressed in furs, reflecting the contemporary interest in Russia as a fur-producing region.
6. Mercator. Russia. 1621. Avery early map of European Russia.
Tartaria on the Don, Gothia in Sweden.
7. Olearius, Adam 1669. A new map of Muscovy.
On the lands Don Cossacks Perikop Tatars live.
The voyages and travels of the ambassadors sent by Frederic Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia. London, For John Starkey and Thomas Basset, 1669.
Olearius was secretary to the embassy sent out by the duke of Holstein in 1633 to explore commercial opportunities in Persia and Russia. This map portraying much of the area traversed by the embassy, showing western Russia from the Murmansk to the Black and Caspian Seas, the river systems being dominant features.
8. Coronelli, Vincenzo. 1690.
Siberia between the Volga and the Urals, Great Tartaria, Regno di Kasgak Chaizag (?)).
Atlante Veneto, nel quale si contiene la descrittione geografica, storica, sacra, profana, e politica. Venice, Domenico Padoueani, 1690. This map includes that part of Russia north of the Caspian Sea and somewhat to the east.
9. Zatta, Antoneo. 1779–85 Chinese Tartaria.
Zatta is not well known as a map publisher although his four-volume atlas contains 214 maps. They are distinguished more for their clarity and artistic quality than for originality. Two of the maps portraying Asiatic Russia including this one of Independent Tartary which was nominally a part of the Russian empire
For our ancient ancestors, the world was often limited to the land that surrounded and fed them. But even the earliest human civilizations still tried to measure the scale of this world and made the first attempts at mapping.
The first such map is thought to have been made in Babylon over 2,500 years ago, and it shows the world beyond the Babylonian realm in the form of poisonous waters and dangerous islands where (they believed) humans could not survive.
Over time, maps gradually became larger and larger as people's knowledge of what lay beyond the Mediterranean grew. With the beginning of the era of wandering and exploration in the 15th century, the concept of seeing the world changed, the East began to appear on the maps, a huge uncharted ocean appeared in the place of America. And with the return of Columbus, the maps of the world began to take on a form that is already understandable to us, modern people.
1. The oldest known map of the world from Babylon (6th century BC). At the center of the world is the Babylonian kingdom itself. Around him is a "bitter river". The seven dots across the river are islands that cannot be reached.
2. World map of Hecateus of Miletus (5th-6th century BC). Hecataeus divides the world into three parts: Europe, Asia and Libya, located around the Mediterranean Sea. His world is a round disk surrounded by an ocean.
3. Map of the world by Posidonius (2nd century BC). This map expands on the early Greek vision of the world to include the conquests of Alexander the Great.
4. World map of Pomponius Mela (43 AD)
5. Map of the world by Ptolemy (150 AD). He was the first to add lines of latitude and longitude to the world map.
6. The Peutinger Tablet, a 4th-century Roman map showing the road network of the Roman Empire. The complete map is very long, showing the lands from Iberia to India. In the center of the world, of course, is Rome.
7. Map of the world by Cosmas Indikoplov (6th century AD). The world is shown as a flat rectangle.
8. Later Christian map in the form of a multi-colored clover leaf, compiled by Heinrich Banting (Germany, 1581). In fact, it does not describe the world, or rather, according to this map, the world is a continuation of the Christian trinity, and Jerusalem is its center.
9. Map of the world by Mahmud al-Kashgari (11th century). The world is centered around the ancient city of Balasagun, now the territory of Kyrgyzstan. This also includes places (countries) that, according to predictions, will appear by the end of the world, such as Gog and Magog.
10. Map "Book of Roger" by Al-Idrisi, compiled in 1154. It was created on the basis of information received from Arab traders who traveled all over the world. At that time it was the most accurate and extensive map of the world. Europe and Asia are already clearly visible, but from Africa so far there is only its northern part.
11. Hereford map of the world of the 14th century by one Richard of Haldingham. Jerusalem in the center, East at the top. The circle in the southern part of the map is the Garden of Eden.
12. Chinese map "Da Ming Hunyi Tu" of the late 14th century. The world through the eyes of the Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. China, of course, dominates, and the whole of Europe is squeezed into a small space in the west.
13. Genoese map, compiled in 1457 based on the descriptions of Niccolò da Conti. This is how Europeans see the world and Asia after the opening of the first trade routes to Mongolia and China.
14. Projection of the Erdapfel globe ("Earth Apple") by Martin Beheim (Germany, 1492). Erdapfel is the oldest known globe, showing the world as a sphere, but without America - instead, there is still a huge ocean.
15. Map of the world by Johann Ruysch, compiled in 1507. One of the first images of the New World.
16. Map by Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann in 1507. This was the first map to label the New World as "America". America looks like a thin strip of the east coast.
17. Map of the world by Gerard van Schagen in 1689. By this time, most of the world has already been mapped, and only small parts of America remain empty for now.
18. Samuel Dunn's 1794 map of the world. By mapping the discoveries of Captain James Cook, Dunn became the first cartographer to depict our world as accurately as possible.
Earth maps made 30,000,000 years ago
Why did ancient cartographers depict the continents as they were millions of years ago?
On ancient maps, Antarctica is depicted without ice, and the rest of the continents are in completely different positions than today. These are the famous 16th century maps of Piri Reis, Orontius Fineus, Hadji Ahmed and some others. Scientists have tried to determine when on our planet there was such a position of the continents, according to geology? The results were so amazing that the scientific world is still silent about them: the planet Earth is depicted on ancient maps 24-34 million years ago...
Map of Orontius (Orontius Finn). Paris, 1534-1536
How is this possible? How did medieval cartographers know the outlines of the continents, which took place long before the appearance of the first man (according to official history)? Independent researcher, geologist, editor-in-chief of the portal "Before the Flood" Alexander Koltypin analyzes information related to maps ancient earth and compares it with the data of geological and geographical reconstructions.
Alexander Koltypin:– Proof, probably, of everything that modern historical and archaeological science is probably not on the right track, one can also cite such a class of information as maps of ancient navigators, which include the map known, probably, to many Piri Reis, the map of Orontius Phineus, the map of Hadji Ahmed, well, and a whole series of maps that show the world completely different from what it is now. For example, on the Ica stones, which were found in Peru by Cabrera, the most ancient maps are also depicted, the continents were located differently than they are now. For example, on the Piri Reis map, South America is connected to Antarctica. On the map of Orontia Phineus or Hadji Ahmed, Antarctica is shown as a single continent, free from ice. And if you take Philippe Buache, for example, a map, Antarctica is shown as two islands. If on Orontia Phineus there the central part is the smallest, apparently, it was covered with ice, because it is without details, and the rivers are only drawn along the edge, then there are just two islands, as it is now, based on geophysical studies that began to be carried out with sixties, only the twentieth century only became known. How was this known to the ancients, in the 15th, 16th, 14th centuries?
How was this known? Because if you follow the theory that historians are now developing, the classical theory, then they could not know anything about it, and all this cannot be attributed to a coincidence. Trying to analyze the map of Antarctica by Orontius Feneus, well, they date it, as a rule, around the twentieth millennium BC. These are already non-scientific studies, these are studies that fall outside the category of official science. Naturally, as a geologist, I also could not ignore these maps. And, first of all, he began to ask such questions, why, for example, Antarctica is connected to South America? When did they separate? When was Antarctica completely free of ice and represented two islands? When did it become covered with ice in the central part? When did it have rivers? I found this answer in paleogeological, even more correctly, paleogeographic reconstructions that exist, and in paleoclimatic reconstructions, of which there are quite a lot, and also which show the location of the continent.
So, the separation of South America and Antarctica occurred, according to some sources, 24 million years ago, according to others 34 million years ago. Here, Antarctica in the form of two islands existed more than 30 million years ago. Antarctica without ice existed somewhere around 25, I don’t say the exact date, but I say approximately, approximately 25 million years ago. After 16 million years ago, the almost continuous glaciation of Antarctica began, and its contours were already very close, it was an icy continent, and 5 million years ago it was completely ice-bound and no longer differed from the modern one. Here's what the geological data says. So, if we consider that suddenly some ancient cartographers were not lit up with inspiration, then these were sketches of some kind with more early cards, which somehow survived from that time 30 million years ago, 25 million years ago, when there were highly developed civilizations that these maps were. We read the same Mahabharata, we read the Rigveda, they talk about a certain race of space aliens headed by Vaishvanara, and in the book of Enoch these are the guards who descended to Earth and began to map the Earth.
Moreover, this is figuratively spelled out enough, that is, not only the Earth, but also the near-Earth spaces, that is, it is possible that these maps really existed from that time, and they are somehow after the catastrophes, after the floods that saved the Earth, in the same underground structures could survive and somehow fall into the hands of these medieval cartographers, who, most likely, did not use them, but simply redrawn them and made their geographical discoveries on the basis of these maps. But the maps were not entirely accurate, because the contours of the earth have changed during this time, although they have not changed significantly over 20 million years, they have changed, so errors have occurred, and sometimes discoveries are completely unforeseen. I, at least, think that this is a great example when work at the intersection of geology and folklore makes it possible to decipher these maps in this way, among other things.
In my youth, I loved board game The “Star of Africa”, the playing field in it was a map of the African continent, made in the ancient style: some monsters were depicted in the ocean, cities were also indicated by ancient buildings. Subsequently, I learned that such images were indeed applied to ancient maps. For example, a place where ships often disappeared was indicated by a drawing of an unknown animal (more often a leviathan), which should have warned the seafarers of antiquity.
ancient maps
The first map of the area that has come down to us is dated to the 7th millennium BC. e. It depicts a Neolithic village in present-day Turkey. Naturally, it is very primitive and schematic. The heyday of cartography falls on the era of the great geographical discoveries, when the map ceased to be a pleasant help, but became a necessity. Previously, maps were drawn by just one person, based on their own observations, often providing them with various drawings and notes that were not related to the issue. Therefore, their accuracy was doubtful. The leaders in the field of mapping of that time were eastern navigators.
Until now, there are disputes about the Turkish map of Piri Reis with Antarctica depicted on it 300 years before its official discovery.
Modern cartography
Nowadays, many people work on mapping, from astronauts to professional artists. Now no one draws maps alone by hand, and everyone is busy with their own business:
The main difference between modern maps and ancient ones is their applied significance, i.e. they do not need to stand out with some special design and beauty, the main thing in them is accuracy and ease of use.
