What happened to tartaria in 1775. Tartaria or how they hid a whole continent. Collection of maps of Tartaria
According to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, almost all of Siberia formed at that time, that is, in late XVIII century! - an independent state with the capital in Tobolsk. At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. The question arises: where did this huge state go?
One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be rethought, showing that until the end of the 18th century, a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia, which since the 19th century was excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed...
1754 map "I-e Carte de l'Asie". where the Great Tartaria
.
Map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica for 1771. Where the territory with all the TarkhTarias is signed as Russian Empire.
Here is the "L'Asie" map, 1690, which shows Tartaria Moscow(Tartaria Moscovite)
As we can see, Tarkhtaria (the Russian Empire) included Moscow Tarkhtaria, practically all of China (Chinese Tarkhtaria), Asia (modern Asia) (Independent Tarkhtaria), the Middle East (Jerusalem) and even North America. And this means that both the Chinese Wall and the Chinese pyramids were built by the Russian people.
The same is written in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, “Great Tart aria, it used to be called Scythia ... there is the largest territory in the world, which includes Siberia, Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. That is, Russia (Kievan Rus), Muscovy (Moscow Tartaria) and EUROPE were only provinces of the Great Tartaria - the RASIqoy Empire.
Great Tartaria
"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”
(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China.
(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887)
In the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there is no mention of the Russian Empire. It says that the largest country in the world, occupying almost all of Eurasia, is Great Tartaria.
And the Moscow principality, where by that time the Romanovs had already been placed to rule, is only one of the provinces of this vast empire and is called Moscow Tartaria. There are also maps of Europe and Asia, on which all this is clearly visible.
And in the next edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, all this information is completely missing.
What happened at the end of the 18th century? Where did the greatest empire of our world disappear to? The empire has not disappeared. All mention of her began to quickly disappear!
Many cannot imagine that history, historical documents, annals and maps can be distorted to such an extent that the written history itself turns out to be incredibly far from the actual one. Combined with another favored method of falsification, silence, altered history becomes reality.
If we take into account that in the Middle Ages the number of educated people was generally small, and even fewer historians among them, then ... Stop, but even in Europe there was a dictate of the church, the vast majority of scientific research was either carried out by religious figures themselves, or were under their control. strict control.
In addition, there were various church orders. Maltese, Jesuit, Dominican... The strictest discipline, unquestioning execution of orders from superiors. For disobedience, at times, it was supposed to connect with Heaven through the flame of a fire, so it is unlikely that the scribe monks could deviate from the letter of the order. And in general, at that time the main type of thinking was dogma, blind faith without critical reflection.
How, you say, that all this is not enough to suggest a massive falsification of history throughout Europe and Russia? Okay, then let's get down to the facts, naked and unbiased: the geographical maps of the medieval period.
Collection of maps of Tartaria
The most complete collection of maps with the geopolitical designation of Tartaria. Has 320 cards.
What is special about them? They indicate a large country in the Eurasian space, about which we were not told a WORD either at school or at the university!
You see, there are 320 maps on this resource alone, which is far from exhausting all existing documents. More than three hundred maps showing our country, and we don’t know anything about it. And if anyone heard it, they most likely simply did not believe it.
Well, they can’t falsify or destroy ALL documents, and offer a completely false version of history! Many people think so. Alas, they can falsify and can hide. Which was successfully done by Scaliger and other Jesuits. At least Fomenko and Nosovsky are absolutely right in this!
Therefore, we are offered only a cursory glance at these documents, in which hundreds of authors showed our Motherland: TARTARIA.
P.S. By the way, the video demonstrates the impossibility of completely removing all historical documents related to a certain plot. In this case, Tartaria. Although at that time there were incomparably fewer documents than, say, in the twentieth century.
And now imagine that some ruler of a large state issued some important order, decree, directive in the middle of the last century. Moreover, we are assured that this Directive was strictly and clearly implemented. Hundreds of thousands of officials, police and military were involved in its implementation. According to the Directive, hundreds of railway trains with materials and objects necessary for its implementation were moved. Hundreds of industrial enterprises sent cargoes for the same purpose.
But not a single document has been preserved that would follow the logic of this Directive. Thousands of executive officials made estimates, issued their own directives to subordinates for the successful implementation of the Main Directive, wrote reports on the work done.
But none of this has been preserved, although all the archives have been carefully studied. Also, the text, or reliable testimonies about the existence of the Main Directive, have not been preserved.
Can you imagine that such a number of relatively recent, in comparison with the documents of the Middle Ages, written evidence was completely destroyed? Those. from the Middle Ages, after half a thousand years, something still remains, and in our time, after 50 years, nothing can be found?!
We are assured that this Directive existed. Sorry, it's hard to believe. In fact, I don't believe it at all. I believe in Tartaria, because the facts are there. But the Directive is not.
There are no facts - there was no Directive.
The information is presented on the basis of the data contained in the British Encyclopedia of 1771, on the materials and personal observations of G.K. Kasparov, the world chess champion, as well as on the materials of the book "Reconstruction of World History".
MAP OF EUROPE FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771
Let's use the fundamental Encyclopedia Britannica of the end of the 18th century. It was published in 1771, in three voluminous volumes, and is the most complete collection of information from that time. various areas knowledge. We emphasize that this work was the pinnacle of encyclopedic knowledge of the 18th century. Let's see what kind of information was recorded by the Encyclopædia Britannica in the "Geography" section. There, in particular, five geographical maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America are given. See fig.9.1, fig.9.2, fig.9.3, fig.9.4, fig.9.5.
These maps are very carefully crafted. The outlines of continents, rivers, seas, lakes, etc. are carefully depicted. Many city names have been applied. The authors of Encyclopædia Britannica are well aware, for example, of the geography of South America.
MAP OF ASIA FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771
Let's look at the map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica. See Figure 9.2. Note that the south of Siberia is divided into INDEPENDENT TATARIA in the west and CHINESE TATARIA in the east. Chinese Tartary borders China. See Figure 9.2. Below we will return to these Tatars or Tartars.
MAP OF NORTH AMERICA FROM THE 1771 ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAIN
Noteworthy is the ABSENCE OF ANY INFORMATION ABOUT THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. See Figure 9.4.
That is, about the part adjacent to Russia. Here, in particular, Alaska is located. We see that Europeans at the end of the 18th century had no idea about these lands. While the rest of North America was well known to them. From the point of view of our reconstruction, this most likely means that the lands of Russia-Horde were still located here at that time. And independent of the Romanovs.
In the XIX-XX centuries, we see Russian Alaska as the last remnant of these lands. But judging by the map of the 18th century, the area of the remnants of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire in North America at that time was MUCH BIGGER. It included almost all of modern Canada, west of Hudson Bay, and part of the north of the United States. See Figure 9.4. By the way, the name Canada (or “New France”, as it says on the map) is present on the map of North America in the 18th century. But it refers only to the vicinity of large lakes in the southeast of modern Canada. That is, to the relatively small southeastern part of modern Canada. See figure 9.4.
If, as we are assured today, only “wild American Indians” lived here, these vast and rich territories would hardly have remained completely unknown to European cartographers EVEN AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY. Could the Indians have prevented European ships from sailing along the northwestern coast of America in order to understand the outlines of a large continent? Hardly. Most likely, a fairly strong state, a fragment of a huge Russia-Horde, was still located here. Which, like, by the way, Japan at that time, simply did not let Europeans into its territory, and into its territorial waters and seas.
MOSCOW TARTARY OF THE XVIII CENTURY WITH THE CAPITAL IN THE CITY OF TOBOLSK
The "Geography" section of the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the area of these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6(0), fig.9.6 and fig.9.7.
It is very curious and unexpected that the Russian Empire of that time is considered by the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica, judging by this table, AS SEVERAL DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Namely, Russia, with its capital in St. Petersburg and an area of 1,103,485 square miles. Then - MOSCOW TARTARY with its capital in TOBOLSK and three times the area, 3,050,000 square miles, volume 2, p.683. See Figure 9.8.
MOSCOW TARTARIA is the largest country in the world, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. All other countries are at least three times smaller than it. In addition, INDEPENDENT TARTARY with its capital in SAMARKAND is indicated, volume 2, p.683. Also named Chinese Tartaria with its capital in Chinyang (Chinuan). Their areas are 778,290 and 644,000 square miles, respectively.
The question arises: what can this mean? Doesn't this mean that before the defeat of Pugachev in 1775, all of Siberia was an independent state from the Romanovs? Or even here there were several states. The largest of which - MOSCOW Tartaria - had its capital in Siberian TOBOLSK. But then the well-known war with Pugachev was by no means the suppression of the allegedly spontaneous "peasant uprising", as we are explained today. It turns out that this was a real war of the Romanovs with the last independent fragments of Russia-Horde in the east of the Empire. ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV, THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde wouldn't let them in.
By the way, it was only after this that the Romanovs began to "arrange" on the map of Russia the names of countries, famous in the old Russian history - the provinces of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire. (Details - in the book "Biblical Russia"). For example, such names as Perm and Vyatka. In fact, medieval Perm is Germany, and medieval Vyatka is Italy (hence the Vatican). These names of the old provinces of the Empire were present on the medieval Russian coat of arms. But after the split of the Romanov Empire, they began to distort and rewrite the history of Russia. In particular, it was necessary to move these names from Western Europe somewhere far away, into the wilderness. Which is what was done. But only after the victory over Pugachev. And quite quickly.
In the book "Biblical Russia", v.1, p.540, it is indicated that the Romanovs began to change the coats of arms of Russian cities and regions only in the second half of the 18th century. Basically, in 1781. As we now begin to understand, six years after the victory over Pugachev, the last independent Horde tsar (or commander of the tsar) of Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Siberian Tobolsk.
MOSCOW TARTARY
Above, we talked about the striking at first glance statement of the Britannica Encyclopedia of 1771, that almost all of Siberia was formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with a capital in Tobolsk, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6, fig.9.7.
At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. See above. This is depicted on many maps of the 18th century. See, for example, one of these maps in Fig.9.9, Fig.9.10, Fig.9.11. We see that Moscow Tartaria began from the middle reaches of the Volga, from Nizhny Novgorod. Thus, Moscow was very close to the border with Moscow Tartary. The capital of Moscow Tartary is the city of Tobolsk, the name of which is underlined on this map and given in the form TOBOL. That is just like in the Bible. Recall that in the Bible Russia is called ROSH MESHEKH and FUVAL, that is, Ros, Moscow and Tobol. (See the details in the book "Biblical Russia").
The question arises: where did this huge state go? One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be comprehended in a new way, showing that until the end of the 18th century a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia. Since the 19th century, it has been excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed. As evidenced by maps of the 18th century, until this era, Moscow Tartaria was practically inaccessible to Europeans.
But at the end of the 18th century, the situation changed dramatically. The study of the geographical maps of that time clearly shows that the stormy conquest of these lands began. It came from both sides at once. The troops of the Romanovs entered Russian-Horde Siberia and the Far East for the first time. And in the Russian-Horde western half of the North American continent, stretching all the way to California to the south, and to the middle of the continent to the east, for the first time entered the troops of the newly emerged United States. On the maps of the world compiled at that time in Europe, a huge "blank spot" finally disappeared. And on the maps of Siberia they stopped writing in large letters “Great Tartaria” or “Moscow Tartaria”.
What happened at the end of the 18th century? After all that we have learned about the history of Russia-Horde, the answer seems to be clear. AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE HORDE IS OCCURRED. The Romanovs are on the side of Europe. This immediately makes us look at the so-called "Pugachev's peasant-Cossack uprising" of 1773-1775 with completely different eyes.
THE WAR OF THE ROMANOVS WITH "PUGACHEV" IS A WAR WITH THE HUGE MOSCOW TARTARY
Apparently, the well-known war with Pugachev in 1773-1775 was by no means the suppression of the "peasant-Cossack uprising", as we are told today. It was a real major war of the Romanovs with the last independent Russian-Horde Cossack state - Moscow Tartary. The capital of which, as the British Encyclopedia of 1771 informs us, was the Siberian city of Tobolsk. Note that this Encyclopedia was published, fortunately, before the war with Pugachev. True, in just two years. If the publishers of Encyclopædia Britannica had delayed its publication by even two or three years, it would be much more difficult to restore the truth today.
It turns out that ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV - that is, as we now understand, with Tobolsk (it is also the famous biblical Tubal or Tubal), - THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde just wouldn't let them in. And only after that the Americans for the FIRST TIME got access to the western half of the North American continent. And they began to quickly capture it. But the Romanovs apparently did not doze off either. At first, they managed to "grab" Alaska, which is directly adjacent to Siberia. But in the end they couldn't keep her. I had to give it to the Americans. For a very nominal fee. Highly. Apparently, the Romanovs simply could not really control the huge territories beyond the Bering Strait from St. Petersburg. It must be assumed that the Russian population of North America was very hostile to the power of the Romanovs. As to the conquerors who came from the West and seized power in their state, in Moscow Tartaria.
Thus ended the division of Moscow Tartaria already in the 19th century. It is amazing that this "feast of the victors" was completely erased from the pages of history textbooks. In fact, it never got there. Although quite obvious traces of this have been preserved. We will talk about them below.
By the way, the Encyclopedia Britannica reports that in the 18th century there was another "Tatar" state - Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand, volume 2, p.682-684. As we now understand, it was another huge "fragment" of the Great Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries. Unlike Moscow Tartaria, the fate of this state is known. It was conquered by the Romanovs in the middle of the 19th century. This is the so-called "conquest of Central Asia". So it is evasively called in modern textbooks. The very name of Independent Tartaria disappeared from the maps forever. It is still called the conditional, meaningless name "Central Asia". The capital of Independent Tartaria - Samarkand was taken by the Romanov troops in 1868, part 3, p.309. The entire war lasted four years: 1864-1868.
Let's go back to the 18th century. Let's see how North America and Siberia were depicted on maps of the 18th century before Pugachev. That is, earlier than 1773-1775. It turns out that the western part of the North American continent is NOT SHOWN AT ALL on these maps. The European cartographers of that time SIMPLY DID NOT KNOW HOW the western half of the N American continent looked like. They didn’t even know if it connected with Siberia, or there was a strait there. Moreover, it is very strange that the American government "for some reason" did not show any interest in these neighboring lands. Although at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries this interest suddenly, out of nowhere, appeared. And it was very stormy. Is it because these lands suddenly became "no one's"? And it was necessary to hurry up in order to have time to capture them before the Romanovs. Who did the same from the West.
BEFORE PUGACHEV'S DEFEAT, EUROPEANS DIDN'T KNOW THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WEST AND NORTH-WEST OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE GIANT "WHITE SPOT" AND THE CALIFORNIA PENINSULA AS "ISLAND"
Let's turn to the maps of North America. Let's start with a map from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, which took into account the latest achievements in geographical science of that time. That is, we repeat, the very end of the XVIII century. But - BEFORE PUGACHEV. Full map shown by us above in Fig. 9.4. In Figure 9.12 we present its enlarged fragment. We see that the entire northwestern part of the North American continent, by no means only Alaska, is a huge "blank spot" overlooking the ocean. Even the coastline is not marked! Consequently, until 1771 no European ship passed along these coasts. One such pass would be sufficient to carry out at least a rough cartographic survey. And after that we are told that Russian Alaska, located in this part of North America, was allegedly subordinate to the Romanovs at that time. If this were the case, then on European maps the coastline would certainly be depicted. Instead, we see here the curious words written by European cartographers on the American "blank spot": Undiscovered lands (Parts Undiscovered). See Figure 9.12.
Let us take a slightly earlier English map, dated 1720 or later, drawn up in London, pp. 170-171. See figure 9.13. Here, too, a significant part of the North American continent is a "white spot". On which it is written: "Unknown lands" (Parts Unknown). Note that this 18th century map depicts the California peninsula AS an ISLAND! That is, as we can see, European ships were not allowed here by the Horde even at the beginning of the 18th century. To Pugachev!
We see the same thing on the French map of 1688. See Figure 9.14. Here, the California Peninsula is also shown as an ISLAND! That is also wrong. What does this mean? A simple thing: the line of the west coast of North America is still UNKNOWN to Europeans. They are not allowed here. Therefore, they do not know that the California peninsula will join the mainland a little to the north.
Another card. See fig.9.15, fig.9.15(a). This is a French map dated 1656 or later, p.152,153. We see the same picture. The California Peninsula is drawn as an ISLAND. It is not right. In the northwest of America - a solid "white spot". We go further. Figure 9.16 and Figure 9.16(a) show a French map from 1634. Again we see that the American Northwest is sinking into a "white spot", and the California Peninsula is again incorrectly depicted as an ISLAND.
And so on. There are VERY MANY similar maps of the 17th-18th centuries. We cannot present here even a small part of them. The conclusion is this. Before the war with Pugachev in 1773-1775, that is, until the end of the 18th century, the western part of the North American continent belonged to Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk. Europeans were not allowed here. This circumstance was clearly reflected in the maps of that time. Cartographers drew here a "white spot" and a fantastic "island" of California. Of which they more or less represented only the southernmost part. By the way, the very name "California" is quite meaningful. Apparently at that time it simply meant "Kaliph's Land". According to historical reconstruction, the first Russian-Horde CALIPH was the great conqueror Batu Khan, known to us today also under the name Ivan "Kalita". He was one of the founders of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire.
In this regard, let us recall that medieval Japan, which at that time was apparently another fragment of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire, behaved similarly. Japan also kept foreigners out until the 1860s. This was probably a reflection of some general policy of local rulers. The kings-khans of these Horde-“Mongolian” states were hostile to the Europeans, as to the enemies of the former Great Empire, of which they still felt themselves to be a part. Apparently, there was a close connection between Japan and Moscow Tartaria until the end of the 18th century, and Japan "closed" only after the defeat of Moscow Tartaria in 1773-1775, that is, after the defeat of Pugachev.
Only at the end of the 19th century did European foreigners (the Dutch) enter Japan by force. As we can see, it was only at this time that the wave of the “progressive liberation process” came here.
Let's return to the maps of America, but this time to the maps of the alleged XV-XVI centuries. Let's see how the European cartographers of the supposedly 16th century depicted the same North America. Probably much worse than the cartographers of the XVII-XVIII centuries. It must be assumed that now we will see very meager data not only about the North American continent, but also about America in general. It turns out not! Today we are offered to assume that European cartographers supposedly imagined North America WHERE MORE ACCURATELY in the 16th century than the cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. Moreover, this amazing knowledge is manifested not in some little-known and forgotten cards. "Ahead" of their time by many decades, and then undeservedly "forgotten".
Far from it. North America is splendidly depicted on the famous 16th-century maps by Abraham Ortelius and Gerhard Mercator. Which, as historians assure us, were widely known both in the 17th and 18th centuries. We present these famous maps in Fig.9.17, Fig.9.17(a) and Fig.9.18, Fig.9.18(a). As we can see, these supposedly 16th century maps are MUCH BETTER AND MORE ACCURATE than the 18th century maps. They are even better than the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica map!
Did the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica at the end of the 18th century "fell into ignorance" after such brilliant maps of the supposedly 16th century? Please note that both Ortelius and Mercator are absolutely CORRECT in depicting the California Peninsula precisely as a PENINSULA. We see the same thing on the map of Hondius allegedly dated 1606. California is shown as a peninsula. See fig.9.19 and fig.9.19(a). Allegedly, at the very beginning of the 17th century, Hondius was already well versed in the true geography of America. He has no doubt that California is a peninsula. He confidently draws the Bering Strait. All along the WEST coast of North America, he knows many names of cities and places. There are no "unknown lands" here for him. He knows everything! And it happens allegedly in 1606.
They want to assure us that in a hundred years the European cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will FORGET all this information. And they will start, for example, WRONG to consider California an ISLAND! Isn't it strange?
Further, both Ortelius and Mercator, and Hondius and many other cartographers, allegedly of the 16th - early 17th centuries, already know that AMERICA IS SEPARATED FROM ASIA BY THE STRAIT. And historians tell us that later cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will “forget” all this. And only then, finally, will this strait be “re-opened”. As well as many other things on the map of North America.
So the picture is completely clear. All these brilliant maps of the alleged 16th century are forgeries of the 19th century. They were made in an era when volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica had long been on the shelves of European libraries. Something on the maps was drawn "under the antiquity." But in general, the outlines of the continents and many other important details were copied from the maps of the 19th century at hand. Drawn, of course, chic, rich. To be worthy of the "ancients". And to cost more. After all, "ancient authentic maps." Finally discovered in the dusty archives of Europe.
Let us now look at the map of Siberia in the 18th century. We have already shown one of these maps in Figure 9.20. On this map, all of Siberia beyond the Ural Range is called Great Tartary. Now it becomes clear what this means. It means exactly what it says. Namely, that at that time there was still a Russian-Horde state under that name. Next, we give another map of the XVIII century. See fig.9.21(a), fig.9.21(b), fig.9.22. It was published in 1786 in Germany, in Nuremberg. On it, the inscription Russiya (Russland) is neatly bent so that in no case does it climb over the Ural Range. Although it could well have been drawn and straighter. What would be more natural if Siberia in the 18th century belonged to the Romanovs. And the whole of Siberia is divided on the map into two large states. The first is called the "State of Tobolsk" (Gouvernement Tobolsk). THIS NAME IS WRITTEN IN THE ENTIRE WESTERN SIBERIA. The second state is called the "State of Irkutsk" (Gouvernement Irkutzk). THIS SIGN GOES THROUGH EASTERN SIBERIA AND FURTHER NORTH TO SAKHALIN ISLAND.
OPTIONAL - " Great Tartaria - the stolen history of Russia" -
"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part Ac ii bordering on Siveria in the north and west, which is called the Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siveria are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siveria and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mughals who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetan, living in the northwest of China.
(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).
Asia = Asia
Siberia = Siveria
Moguls = Mughals
SIVER- m. north, esp. in meaning North wind; the siver is blowing, the sivers have gone. a siver and a night owl will pull, a fur coat with a caftan will be pulled into one place. | sivers pl. east sib. northern slopes of mountains; the southern ones are called uvals. siver m. ryaz. siverka ver. sivertsa tul. cold and wet weather, with a northerly wind; | CHICHER, snow with rain and with a piercing wind. siverik m. olon. siver, -ra, northern, cold wind. Siverno Vologda bonfire siverko sev. east cold, sharp, cold wind, north and northeast, winter; damp, piercing weather; with one frost, without wind, it is not said. in the yard it sivers, severes, blows from the north.
(Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl)
Without a doubt, Christopher Columbus was not the first to discover America.
And e naturally he knew where to go.
Christopher Columbus(ital. Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristobal Colon, lat. Christophorus Columbus; autumn 1451, the island of Corsica, the Republic of Genoa (according to one version) - May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) - Spanish navigator and discoverer of new lands. He is best known for his discovery of America (1492).
Chinese map of the world, copied in 1763 from a 1418 original
(Also applied - North and South Pole)
The continent Daaria (Hyperborea) on the map of Mercator, XVI century
Many cartographers have tried to unravel the mystery of this map. Insurmountable difficulties in understanding it arose among researchers because in working on it, Mercator used three different sources - three different cards made by different cartographers, in different projections and with different levels of accuracy. But the main feature that the researchers did not see, and Mercator himself did not take into account when compiling his own map, was that the primary source maps depicted the region of the Arctic Basin at different periods of the geological history of the Earth. Some reflected the outlines of Hyperborea and the continents surrounding it before the flood and the deviation of the Earth's axis, others after. As a result, confusion reigns on the map of G. Mercator, which the researchers have not been able to figure out. http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3176374/post154245483/
Bering Strait
The strait is named after the Russian navigator Vitus Bering (born in Denmark), who passed through this strait in 1728; the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Bering, Semyon Dezhnev passed, after whom the cape in the strait was named.
And what did ancient cartographers refer to when they so confidently and boldly drew Daaria, the strait and the western continent, not to mention the south pole?
Columbus used someone else's notes when he was planning an expedition to the west.What was his mission?Why did the Spanish government send its faithful servant to the continent they led?I think many already guess.
Christopher Columbus was not the first European to visit America. A new continent was discovered by a Venetian merchant Marco Polo. This conclusion was reached by US FBI historians who have studied the map stored in the Library of the National Congress in Washington since 1943, reports Newsru.com.
A detailed examination of the map under infrared rays showed that there are three layers of ink, which indicates that changes have been made to it, that is, it has been finalized.
If this map is really drawn by the hand of a Venetian merchant, then Marco Polo visited America two centuries before Christopher Columbus. There is an opinion that, having returned to Venice in 1295 from his long journey through Asia, Marco Polo brought with him the first information about the existence of North America.
Thus, he was the first to draw the space separating Asia from America, which appeared on European maps only 400 years later.
Before he died, Marco Polo told his friends around him that he wrote "only half of what he saw" during his travels in Asia. http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/79580/cat/37/
TARTARIAE SIVE MAGNI CHAMI REGNI. 1570
Published at Antwerp 1584. Much of the information on the map is related to Marco Polo's travels between 1275 and 1291, and the refinement of information received from Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in 1540 from Japan.
strettodi Anian = Strait of Anian (Marco Polo)
El streto de Anian = Anian Strait (Mercator)
Long before Bering, the strait between Asia and America was already known.
The question is - why European countries did not master Alaska?
Vaugondy. Map of North America, 1750
Russian America- the totality of the possessions of the Russian Empire in North America, including Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, the Alexander Archipelago and settlements on the Pacific coast modern USA(Fort Ross).
Russian America in 1860
In the summer of 1784, an expedition under the command of G. I. Shelikhov (1747-1795) landed on the Aleutian Islands. In 1799 Shelikhov and Rezanov founded Russian-American company, which was managed by A. A. Baranov (1746-1818). The company hunted for sea otters and traded in their fur, founded its own settlements and trading posts.
Since 1808, the capital of Russian America has become Novo-Arkhangelsk. In fact, the management of the American territories is carried out by the Russian-American Company, whose main headquarters was in Irkutsk, officially Russian America was first included in the Siberian Governor General, later (in 1822) in the East Siberian Governor General.
The population of all Russian colonies in America reached 40,000 [source not specified 779 days] people, Aleuts predominated among them.
The southernmost point in America where the Russian colonists settled was Fort Ross, 80 km north of San Francisco in California. Spanish and then Mexican colonists prevented further advance to the south.
Fort Ross, California
In 1824, the Russian-American Convention was signed, which fixed the southern border of the possessions of the Russian Empire in Alaska at a latitude of 54 ° 40'N. The convention also confirmed the holdings of the United States and Great Britain (until 1846) in Oregon.
Signed in 1824 Anglo-Russian convention on the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia). Under the terms of the Convention, a boundary line was established separating British possessions from Russian possessions on the western coast of North America, adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula, so that the border ran along the entire length of the coastal strip belonging to Russia, from 54 ° N. latitude. to 60° N, at a distance of 10 miles from the edge of the ocean, taking into account all the curves of the coast. Thus, the line of the Russian-British border in this place was not straight (as was the case with the border line of Alaska and Yukon), but extremely winding.
In January 1841, Fort Ross was sold to Mexican citizen John Sutter. And in 1867, the United States bought Alaska for $7,200,000. en.wikipedia.org
What prevented the French, Spaniards, Portuguese, Mexicans, etc. from mastering the northwestern part of America? Why only Russians, at the end of the 18th century, managed to do this without any serious problems?Because of the cold? Take a close look at the map below:
Historical Map of the World- Globe Terrestre, 1690
The West has sailed to cold Greenland, but even knowing the Bering Strait, they are unable to outline Alaska. Paradox.
Map of North America from the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica
As you can see, even after 80 years the situation has not changed.
One gets the impression that the northwest of America is surrounded by an invisible barrier.
First edition Encyclopedia "Britanic" for 1771, tells about the largest country in the world - Great Tartary.
Maybe the territory of the northwestern part of America belonged to her?
I-e Carte de l "Asie. Jean Palairet,1754
The "Geography" section of the Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the area of these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London.
ASIA: Turkey, Arabia, Persia, India, China, Asiatic Islands, Tartaria
Tartary :
1. Chinese = 644,000 square miles = capital city of Chinyang
2. Independent = 778,290 square miles = capital Samarkand
3. Muscovite = 3,050,000 square miles = capital Tobolsk
Encyclopedia Britannica
The history of this unique edition began in Edinburgh in 1768, when publisher and bookseller Colin MacFarquhar, engraver Andrew Bell and editor William Smellie, inspired by the success of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopedia, founded the Society of Scottish Gentlemen in order to create their own encyclopedia, the main feature of which at first it was supposed to be an alphabetical arrangement of the material and more attention to everyday, practical issues. By 1771, subscribers received all three volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, which became the first complete universal encyclopedia in history (work on Diderot's Encyclopedia, as is known, was completed only in 1780). The talent of the publishers and authors of the Britannica, among whom were Benjamin Franklin and William Locke, brought a remarkable result: a three-volume encyclopedia that cost 12 pounds sterling - a considerable amount at that time! - Sold 3,000 copies!
Inspired by the success, the publishers undertook in 1777-1784. second edition, this time in 10 volumes...
http://www.gpntb.ru/win/inter-events/crimea94/report/prog_49r.html
In the second edition, there is no longer a single mention of TARTARY, as if this vast country had never existed. What terrible thing happened between 1771 and 1784? For some reason, Catherine II comes to mind, who commanded cast into oblivion Pugachevsky bunt.
In the possession of Catherine II was only Muscovy. In other words, European Russia.
Muscovy on the map of 1717
In the Encyclopædia Britannica Russia and Tartary Muscovite named together as Russian Empire
Tartary Muscovite is Moscow Tartaria, in other words Russian Tartaria
Muscovite(English muscovite, from Muscovy - Muscovy - old name Russia, from where large sheets of this mineral called "Moscow glass" were exported to the West), a mineral from the mica group, the chemical composition of KAl2 · (OH) 2 . Tabular crystals of the monoclinic system.
Russian map of Asia 1737
Tataria Free, Tataria Chinese, Tataria Russian
In Europe RUSSIA
The Encyclopædia Britannica says the same:
1.Chinese Tartary
2. IndependentTartary
3. MuscoviteTartary
In order not to have a false idea that only the West calls Tartaria Tartaria, I give a fragment of Remizov's map:
On the map of Asia in 1737, we also noticed the Mughal State and Arabia, which for some reason is now translated as Arabia - Arabia.
Mughal Empire(self-name Persian گورکانیان - Gurkâniyân) - headed by the rulers of Turkic origin (the great Mughals, and correctly pronouncing the mughals - "mugally") a state on the territory of modern India, Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, which existed from 1526 to 1858 (actually until the middle of the 19th century )... en.wikipedia.org
Mongolia on the Russian map of 1737 - no. Where it came from, we will see below.
Emblem of the Tartar Empire
Tartarine
Coat of arms of Little Tartaria
4th Carte de l "Europe divise" e en ses Principaux Etats, 1755
Malaya Tartaria near the Sea of Azov
Qing Empire, 1765
Qing Dynasty, or Qing empire (Daiqing Gurun, whale. 清朝, pinyin Qing Chao, pall. qing chao) is a multinational empire created and ruled by the Manchus, which later included China. According to traditional Chinese historiography, the last dynasty of monarchical China. It was founded in 1616 by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria, now called northeastern China. In less than 30 years, all of China, part of Mongolia and part of Central Asia came under her rule.
As a result Xinhai Revolution that began in 1911, the Qing Empire was destroyed, the countries included in it received the right to self-determination. In particular, the Republic of China, the national state of the Han, was proclaimed. The Empress Dowager abdicated on behalf of the then infant last emperor, Pu Yi, on February 12, 1912.
China, 1880
Chinese Empire, 1910
Great Wall
Tartaria, 1814
Chinese & Independent Tartary
A New Map of China & Independent Tartary
John Cary, 1806
Tartar & China
Bonne, M. 1780/90
Tartarie Chinoise
Tartares Mancheoux = Manchu Tartars
Tartares mogols
and near MongousTartarie Russienne outside Chinese Tartaria
Historical atlas, 1820
Four Tartaria are marked on the map:
INDEPENDENT TARTARY
CHINES TARTARY
SIBERIA OR RUSSIAN TARTARY
little tartary
Encyclopedia Britannica
after its first edition in 1771, then mysteriously silent about three Tartaria in Asia and one small one in Europe, near the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Why such an unfriendly policy?
Independent & Chinese Tartary. Philip & Son, 1852-56
(Chinese border runs along the Wall)
Central Asia, 1840
(Independent Tartary)
Chinese Empire
(Dzungaria, Mongolia, Manchuria, Chinese Turkestan, Tibet and China)
(Russian Turkestan)
Conventionally, Turkestan was divided into Western (Russian), Eastern (Chinese), Southern (northern part of Afghanistan and Iran).
I will also give you some historical information-a riddle.
More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, and so on.
Have you ever heard of such a country?
Here is such a version.
Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was alive, very many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."
For the first time, Tartaria was openly announced on the Russian-language Internet Nikolai Levashov in the second part of his article “The Hushed History of Russia”, published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here is what he wrote then:
“... In the same British Encyclopedia by the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains, and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:
"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”
(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)
Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").
(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).
Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771
Title page of the first Encyclopædia Britannica Britannica, 1771 edition
Article about Tartaria in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1771
A map of Europe from the first, yet uncorrected edition of Britannica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartaria
Map of Tartaria in the third volume of the first edition of Britannica, 1771
“As follows from the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there was a vast country Tartaria, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (FROMhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary) .What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.
Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario
Geographico
Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias.
Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795
Article on Tartaria in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795
(Anthony jenkinson) (Muscovy company)
(Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)
Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px
The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographic Maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy company) - An English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.
Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty own cards and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and credited himself as the publisher.
The main population of this vast expanse were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as "Tatars". Until the middle of the XVII century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.
The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in the late Islamic (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (in particular, the Nestorian persuasion).
The Turkic Khaganate became the first state formation on the entire territory of Great Tartaria. After the collapse of a single kaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.
At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.
In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has a fairly ancient history). By tradition, the Russians continued to call Tatars the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.
As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a settled way of life and their isolation in separate states, ethnic groups were formed: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.
From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartaria began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.
Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the "Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all ended up under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartaria".
At present, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar ASSR).
Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas
one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartaria
french map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.
Map Tartaria or "The Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius
Map of Tartaria (detail). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.
ethnographic map Remezov.
Map Great Tartaria 1706.
This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartaria (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius
Russia by map Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg
Tartaria, 1814.
Tartaria De Lily 1706
Not earlier than 1705
Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70
Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius)
Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.
The atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.
Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (FROMhinese Tartary) .
Tartaria on the Dutch map of Asia 1595
Clickable 5000 px
Image of the earth's globe (author's right - associate Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection
And here is the last map, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786.
Well, in continuation of today's post about campaign of Batu in Russia I will also give you some historical information-a riddle.
More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, and so on.
Have you ever heard of such a country?
Here is such a version.
Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was alive, very many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."
For the first time, Tartaria was openly announced on the Russian-language Internet Nikolai Levashov in the second part of his article “The Hushed History of Russia”, published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here is what he wrote then:
“... In the same British Encyclopedia by the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains, and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:
"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”
(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)
Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").
(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).
Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771
Title page of the first Encyclopædia Britannica Britannica, 1771 edition
Article about Tartaria in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1771
A map of Europe from the first, yet uncorrected edition of Britannica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartaria
Map of Tartaria in the third volume of the first edition of Britannica, 1771
“As follows from the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there was a vast country Tartaria, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (FROMhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary) .What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.
Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geographico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias.
Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795
Article on Tartaria in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795
The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) (Muscovy company)
Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)
Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px
The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy company) - An English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.
Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.
The main population of this vast expanse were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as "Tatars". Until the middle of the XVII century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.
The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in the late Islamic (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (in particular, the Nestorian persuasion).
The Turkic Khaganate became the first state formation on the entire territory of Great Tartaria. After the collapse of a single kaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.
At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.
In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has a fairly ancient history). By tradition, the Russians continued to call Tatars the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.
As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a settled way of life and their isolation in separate states, ethnic groups were formed: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.
From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartaria began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.
Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the "Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all ended up under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartaria".
At present, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar ASSR).
Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas
one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartaria
french map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.
Map Tartaria or "The Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius
Map of Tartaria (detail). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.
ethnographic map Remezov.
Map Great Tartaria 1706.
This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartaria (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius
Russia by map Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg
Tartaria, 1814.
Tartaria De Lily 1706
Map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica), 1697.
Nicholas Witsen - Map Tartaria, not earlier than 1705
Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70
Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius)
Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.
The atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.
Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (FROMhinese Tartary) .
Tartaria on the Dutch map of Asia 1595
Image of the earth's globe (author's right - associate Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection
And here is the last map, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786.
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