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Presentations on the history of paper money. Presentation "history of money". appeared in France

CONCEPT OF MONEY
Money is a special commodity
which can be exchanged for
any other product. Special,
because they are
universal equivalent, i.e.
has the ability
exchange for all others
commodities (liquidity) and
satisfy any
the needs of their owner.

Ruble (tin) - 100 kopecks or 10 hryvnias
Half a ruble
Hryvnia - 10 kopecks
Altyn - 3 kopecks
Kopek - 2 money, 4 pennies
Money - half a penny
Polushka - a quarter of a penny

money properties
Durability
Portability
Security
Divisibility
Limitation

Properties of money as a commodity

consumer
price
Exchange value

Functions of money

money like
the measure of value
Money as a medium of exchange
Money as a store of value
Money as a means of payment
Function of world money

Money as a measure of value

With the help of money, subjects
measure and measure value
all goods
The function of money is performed
using the price scale
Like gold, paper
money is homogeneous

Money as a medium of exchange

Money appears in
as an intermediary in
endless process
commodity - monetary
appeals
To fulfill this
features needed
real money

Money as a store of value

Money is leaving
scope and
settle at home
safes and on accounts in
banks
As a means
accumulation advocates
gold and
defective
money

Money as a means of payment

Money acts like
means of paying a debt
when purchases do not match
and sales over time and
space
Goods may be
sold on credit.
Credit transactions
generated bills and
banknotes

Functions of world money

Money is used
for international
calculations
As global money
advocates gold

Before coinage

Calculation
objects,
which
provided
for a person
value.
Shells - kauri
Ivory
Marten skins, squirrels
, sheep
Weapon
Gems

at first
as money
cattle-sheep performed,
cows, bulls. How
big herd
the person owned
became richer.

money
skins served
animal proteins, sable,
martens. But such
the money was
short-lived.

They later gave way
cowrie shells. They were
brought to Russia by Arab
merchants from the Maldives
Indian Ocean.

Types of money

commodity
Gold and silver in
bars and coins,
as well as any
goods at
barter deals
symbolic
copper and nickel
coins and paper
money
credit
checks and credit
cards

The first ancient money

Then
appeared
foreign coins silver Arab
dirhams.
Later and their
metallic money
(pieces of metal
various shapes).
They were called hryvnia.

The word money came from the East.
Name of ancient coins:
Coons, nogaty, cut.
Coons are marten skins.
Nogata is a smaller unit,
part of the skin or foot.
Cuts - scraps of silver
coins.

Money of the era of Prince Vladimir

Zlatniki
Silversmiths

Coins of Ancient Russia

Chinese coins

antique coins

Turkish type coins

Korean Coins from the Li Dynasty

The monetary system is gradually changing. Natural money is being replaced

Ruble
Hryvnia
Altyn
Money
Poltina
penny
Polushka

FORM OF MONEY

Monetary(
from precious
metals)
Banknotes (paper money)
Non-cash (checks, bills of exchange,
credit cards)
Electronic (plastic cards)

The system of unified Russian money

AT
1 ruble was 100 kopecks,
50 kopecks - half,
10 kopecks - hryvnia,
5 kopecks - nickel,
3 kopecks - Altyn,
2 kopecks - a penny.
½ penny money.
¼ kopeck - polushka

1 ruble

1 ruble

1 ruble

Altyn

Grosh.

½ kopeck - money.

¼ penny half

The appearance of the ruble and the penny

After
Dmitry Donskoy
overthrow of the yoke
state again
needed
own money.
Hryvnia were
heavy, so
replaced with more
lungs - a penny. On the
coin depicted
horseman with spear.

History of heads and tails

So
the word "eagle"
all clear. But
"tails"
formed from
"lattice" weave
beautifully written
letters,
depicting
royal initials.

Reverse
(tails)
Obverse
(eagle)
edge
(edge)

Paper money

First
paper
money appeared in
Kyiv in the 8th century, and in
Russia - in a thousand
years. empress
Catherine the Great
first introduced in
handling money from
his portrait
worth a hundred
rubles, which
affectionately called
"rolls".

Paper ruble in
different time.

Various paper money
years of release.

Paper money from the reign
royal families.

Types of money
Cash
Banknotes
Cashless
coins
Bills
Checks

Bills and checks

Modern money

Plastic
cards as an alternative
cash were invented
primarily for convenience
consumers. Become an owner
one of the plastic cards
international payment systems
Anyone with a stable income can.

Electronic money

In Russian banking practice, it is accepted
term investment coins. to Russian
bullion coins include: gold
coins "George the Victorious" and "Chervonets",
silver coin"Sable". These coins and
gold coins of the Zodiac Signs series

Coin "George the Victorious"

Coin "sable"

commemorative coin

To
weight coins can also be
carry all kinds of memorabilia,
collectible and commemorative
coins issued in various
countries in recent years.

Material for money should have the following qualities:

Stability. The value of money must be more or less
the same today and tomorrow.
Portability. Modern money should be enough
small and light so that people can carry them around.
Wear resistance. The selected material must be sufficient
durable, have a significant "life expectancy".
Therefore, in many countries it is used as money
only very high quality paper.
Uniformity. Money of the same denomination must
have equal value.
Divisibility. One of the important advantages of money over barter
is the ability to divide into parts.
Recognition. Money should be easily recognizable
must
be hard to fake. Paper quality and water
signs do
forgery is very difficult.

When issuing money into circulation:

The structure will change
money supply
composition will change and
form of money
But their volume remains
unchanged.

Summarizing all the above, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. In the economy of developed countries, money is
essentially debt obligations of the state,
commercial banks and savings institutions.
2. These debt obligations successfully perform the functions
money as long as its value or purchasing power
ability is relatively stable.
3.
The value of money is no longer based on a certain
amount of precious metals, as it was before, it
determined rather by the quantity of goods and services that
can be purchased on the market for money.
4. Responsibility of the state for cost stabilization
monetary unit involves carrying out an appropriate
politicians
5. effective control over the money supply

We didn't get bored as a couple.
The value of money was studied.
We know how to save them
To buy something.
Whether you're young or old
Know that money is your commodity.
We all considered thoughtfully;
What is more learned.
We will make life easier
Be friends with the economy.

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Slides captions:

HISTORY OF MONEY Short story money of Russia Neustroeva O.V.

SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, THE SLAVIANS HAVE USED VARIOUS OBJECTS FOR BUYING AND SELLING GOODS. ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF MONEY IN ANCIENT RUSSIA WERE COWRY SHELLS.

In the VIII - IX centuries. DIRHEM APPEAR IN RUSSIA - LARGE SILVER COINS WITH ARABIC SIGNS. DIRHEMS WAS MINUTED IN THE ARAB CALIFATE, AND FROM THERE THE ARAB MERCHANTS BROUGHT THEM TO THE TERRITORY OF KIEVAN RUSSIA.

AT THE END OF THE 10TH CENTURY IN KIEVAN RUSSIA THE MINING OF OWN GOLD AND SILVER COINS BEGINS. SREBRENIK - THE FIRST RUSSIAN COIN. THE FIRST RUSSIAN COINS WERE SO CALLED ZLATNIK AND SREBRENIK.

AFTER Fragmentation, in the XII CENTURY, MONGOLO-TATARS ATTACKED RUSSIA. IN THE TREASURES OF THESE AGES, BAGS OF PRECIOUS METALS OF DIFFERENT FORMS ARE FOUND.

COINS OF THE PERIOD OF Fragmentation The first Russian ruble is an elongated bar of silver weighing approximately 200 grams, roughly chopped off at the ends. He was born in the XIII century. At that time, the ruble was equal to 10 hryvnia kunas. From here came the Russian decimal monetary system, which still exists today: 1 ruble = 10 hryvnias; 1 hryvnia = 10 kopecks.

COINS OF NOVGOROD-SEVERSKY PRINCIPALITIES

DIVISION OF THE RUBLE INTO SMALL MONEY. Only in the middle of the XIV century, dividing the ruble hryvnia into two parts, they received half, into four - quarters. Small coins were made from the ruble - money. To do this, the ruble hryvnia was pulled into a wire, chopped into small pieces, each of them was flattened and a coin was minted.

COINS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE Under Ivan III, Russia became a single state. Now every prince could not independently mint his own coins. The head of the state was the monarch, only he had the right to do so.

CREATION OF A SINGLE MONETARY SYSTEM. In 1534, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, mother of Ivan the Terrible, a single monetary system was created for the entire state. On the money of small weight, made of silver, a rider with a sword was depicted. On money of large weight, also silver, a rider was depicted with a spear in his hands. They were called penny dengas. These were our first pennies. They were irregular in shape and the size of a watermelon seed. most small coin was "half". It was equal to a quarter of a penny (half money). Before Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the year of issue was not put on Russian coins. This king was the first to stamp the date on a penny.

KOPEK OF THE TIMES OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE

GRADUALLY, RUBLE BAGS DISAPPEARED FROM CIRCULATION. MONEY IN RUSSIA COUNTED INTO RUBLES, BUT THE RUBLE AS A COIN DID NOT EXIST, THE RUBLE REMAINED ONLY A CONDITIONAL UNIT OF ACCOUNTS. Trial ruble Alexei Mikhailovich

COINS OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA IN MARCH 1704, ON THE DECREE OF PETER I, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN RUSSIA, SILVER RUBLE COINS BEGAN TO BE MADE. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THEY RELEASED 50, HALF 50, HUME EQUAL TO 10 KOPEKS, A PIECE WITH THE SIGN "10 MONEY" AND ALTYN. Altyn

ALTYN The name "altyn" is Tatar. Alti means six. The ancient altyn was equal to 6 dengas, the Petrovsky altyn - 3 kopecks. Silver is many times more expensive than copper. To copper coin was of the same value as silver, it must be made very large and heavy. Since there was a shortage of silver in Russia, Catherine I decided to make just such copper money. It was calculated that the ruble coin should have a weight of 1.6 kilograms.

OBEYING THE ROYAL ORDER, THE COINERS MADE A COPPER RUBLE. THIS IS A LARGE QUADRANGULAR PLATE, 20 CENTIMETERS WIDTH AND LONG. IN EACH CORNER OF IT IS A CIRCLE WITH THE IMAGE OF THE STATE EMBLEM, AND IN THE MIDDLE THE SIGN: "PRICE RUBLE. 1726. YEKATERINBURG". KOPEK OF THE TIMES OF PETER I

IN EXCEPT TO THE RUBLE, FIFTY AND HALF 50 AND HRYVNA WERE ISSUED. THEY ALL HAD THE SAME SHAPE AND WERE MANUFACTURED AT THE YEKATERINBURG MINT. THIS MONEY DID NOT EXIST FOR A LONG TIME. THEY WERE VERY INCOMFORTABLE. HALF 50

UNDER ELIZAVETH PETROVNA A NEW GOLD COIN OF 10 RUBLES WAS ISSUED. IT WAS CALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE IMPERIAL TITLE OF THE QUEEN IMPERIAL. THERE WAS ALSO A SEMI-IMPERIAL - A COIN OF 5 RUBLES. gold coin- Imperial

MONETARY SYSTEM Until the end of the 19th century, the Russian monetary system remained almost unchanged. By the end of the 19th century, Russia, like other countries, introduced gold money into circulation. The main currency was the ruble. It contained 17.424 parts of pure gold. But it was a "conditional ruble", there was no gold ruble coin. The imperial, the ten-ruble coin and the five-ruble coin were minted. Made from silver ruble coin, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 kopecks.

THE APPEARANCE OF PAPER MONEY Catherine II carried out the Minich project: instead of bulky copper money, in 1769 she issued paper banknotes in denominations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles.

THE BEGINNING OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM OF THE USSR World War. Inflation has set in. In 1915, even the copper coin disappeared. Only paper money remained in circulation. In the same year, the last royal ruble was minted.

IN THE MIDDLE OF 1917, NEW MONEY APPEARED. THESE WAS KERNKI MADE ON BAD PAPER, WITHOUT NUMBERS AND SIGNATURES, IN DUENESS OF 20 AND 40 RUBLES. THEY WERE RELEASED IN UNCUT SHEETS, THE SIZE OF A NEWSPAPER.

STRENGTHENING OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM IN 1922 THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT ISSUED SPECIAL BANK TICKETS - "Chervonets".

STRENGTHENING OF THE MONEY SYSTEM In 1923, another step was taken towards strengthening the monetary system: banknotes of the newly created Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were issued. 1 ruble in these signs was equal to 1 million rubles issued before 1922, and to 100 rubles in 1922 money. In 1924, state treasury notes were issued in denominations of 1, 3 and 5 rubles.

PAPER RUBLE 1924

SILVER 50, 20, 15 AND 10 KOPEKS APPEARED. 5, 3, 2 AND 1 KOPEK CHANGING COIN WAS MADE FROM COPPER. IN 1925 THEY MADE A COPPER "POLOSHKA". IT EXISTED UNTIL 1928. IN 1931 SILVER CHANGING COINS WERE REPLACED WITH NICKEL COINS. Copper "half"

THE MONEY REFORM OF 1961 GAINED EVEN MORE IN THE PURCHASING POWER OF THE RUBLE AFTER THE MONEY REFORM OF 1961. FIVE KOPEKS 1961

MONETARY SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA IN 1991-1993 in connection with political and inflationary processes, the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, individual denominations of bank notes of the USSR were replaced.

ON JANUARY 1, 1998 IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION THE MONEY REFORM (1000-FOLD DENOMINATION OF THE RUBLE) STARTED. Coins of the 1997 sample were put into circulation. In denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 kopecks and 1, 2, 5 rubles, 10, 50, 100 and 500 rubles.

"ISSUE 2001". In 2001, modified banknotes in denominations of 10, 50, 100, 500 rubles were put into circulation, the banknotes bear the designation: "Issue of 2001". In 2004, they developed banknotes of a higher denomination. They were banknotes of 1000 and 5000 rubles of the 2004 sample.

MODERN MONEY SIGNS

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, THE SLAVIANS HAVE USED VARIOUS OBJECTS FOR BUYING AND SELLING GOODS. ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF MONEY IN ANCIENT RUSSIA WERE COWRY SHELLS. In the VIII - IX centuries. DIRHEM APPEAR IN RUSSIA - LARGE SILVER COINS WITH ARABIC SIGNS. DIRHEMS WAS MINUTED IN THE ARAB CALIFATE, AND FROM THERE THE ARAB MERCHANTS BROUGHT THEM TO THE TERRITORY OF KIEVAN RUSSIA. AT THE END OF THE 10TH CENTURY IN KIEVAN RUSSIA THE MINING OF OWN GOLD AND SILVER COINS BEGINS. SREBRENIK - THE FIRST RUSSIAN COIN. THE FIRST RUSSIAN COINS WERE SO CALLED ZLATNIK AND SREBRENIK. AFTER Fragmentation, in the XII CENTURY, MONGOLO-TATARS ATTACKED RUSSIA. IN THE TREASURES OF THESE AGES, BAGS OF PRECIOUS METALS OF DIFFERENT FORMS ARE FOUND. COINS OF THE PERIOD OF SHARPENED

• The first Russian ruble is an elongated piece of silver weighing approximately 200 grams, roughly chopped off at the ends. He was born in the XIII century. At that time, the ruble was equal to 10 hryvnia kunas. From here came the Russian decimal monetary system, which still exists today: 1 ruble = 10 hryvnias; 1 hryvnia = 10 kopecks.

COINS OF NOVGOROD-SEVERSKY PRINCIPALITIES DIVISION OF THE RUBLE INTO SMALL MONEY.

• Only in the middle of the XIV century, dividing the ruble hryvnia into two parts, they received half, into four - quarters. Small coins were made from the ruble - money. To do this, the ruble hryvnia was pulled into a wire, chopped into small pieces, each of them was flattened and a coin was minted.

COINS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE

• Under Ivan III, Russia became a single state. Now every prince could not independently mint his own coins. The head of the state was the monarch, only he had the right to do so.

CREATION OF A SINGLE MONETARY SYSTEM.

• In 1534, during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, mother of Ivan the Terrible, a single monetary system was created for the entire state.
• On the money of small weight, made of silver, a rider with a sword was depicted.
• On money of large weight, also silver, a rider was depicted with a spear in his hands. They were called penny dengas. These were our first pennies. They were irregular in shape and the size of a watermelon seed. The smallest coin was "polushka". It was equal to a quarter of a penny (half money). Before Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the year of issue was not put on Russian coins. This king was the first to stamp the date on a penny.

A KOPEK OF THE TIMES OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE GRADUALLY RUBLE BILLIONS DISAPPEARED FROM CIRCULATION. MONEY IN RUSSIA COUNTED INTO RUBLES, BUT THE RUBLE AS A COIN DID NOT EXIST, THE RUBLE REMAINED ONLY A CONDITIONAL UNIT OF ACCOUNTS.

• Trial ruble Alexei Mikhailovich

COINS OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA IN MARCH 1704, ON THE DECREE OF PETER I, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN RUSSIA, SILVER RUBLE COINS BEGAN TO BE MADE. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THEY RELEASED 50, HALF 50, HUME EQUAL TO 10 KOPEKS, A PIECE WITH THE SIGN "10 MONEY" AND ALTYN.

• Altyn

ALTYN

• The name "altyn" is Tatar. Alti means six. The ancient altyn was equal to 6 dengas, the Petrovsky altyn - 3 kopecks. Silver is many times more expensive than copper. For a copper coin to be as valuable as a silver coin, it must be made very large and heavy. Since there was a shortage of silver in Russia, Catherine I decided to make just such copper money. It was calculated that the ruble coin should have a weight of 1.6 kilograms.

OBEYING THE ROYAL ORDER, THE COINERS MADE A COPPER RUBLE. THIS IS A LARGE QUADRANGULAR PLATE, 20 CENTIMETERS WIDTH AND LONG. IN EACH CORNER OF IT IS A CIRCLE WITH THE IMAGE OF THE STATE EMBLEM, AND IN THE MIDDLE THE SIGN: "PRICE RUBLE. 1726. YEKATERINBURG". A KOPEK OF THE TIMES OF PETER I EXCEPT THE RUBLE, Fifties, half fifty dollars and hryvnias were issued. THEY ALL HAD THE SAME SHAPE AND WERE MANUFACTURED AT THE YEKATERINBURG MINT. THIS MONEY DID NOT EXIST FOR A LONG TIME. THEY WERE VERY INCOMFORTABLE. HALF FIFTY POINTS UNDER ELIZAVETH PETROVNA A NEW GOLD COIN OF 10 RUBLES WAS ISSUED. IT WAS CALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE IMPERIAL TITLE OF THE QUEEN IMPERIAL. THERE WAS ALSO A SEMI-IMPERIAL - A COIN OF 5 RUBLES.

• Gold coin - Imperial

MONETARY SYSTEM

• Until the end of the 19th century, the monetary system of Russia remained almost unchanged. By the end of the 19th century, Russia, like other countries, introduced gold money into circulation. The main currency was the ruble. It contained 17.424 parts of pure gold. But it was a "conditional ruble", there was no gold ruble coin. The imperial, the ten-ruble coin and the five-ruble coin were minted. Ruble coins were made from silver, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 kopecks.

THE APPEARANCE OF PAPER MONEY

• Catherine II implemented the Minich project: instead of bulky copper money, in 1769 she issued paper banknotes in denominations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles.

THE BEGINNING OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM OF THE USSR

• In August 1914, the World War began. Inflation has set in. In 1915, even the copper coin disappeared. Only paper money remained in circulation. In the same year, the last royal ruble was minted.

IN THE MIDDLE OF 1917, NEW MONEY APPEARED. THESE WAS KERNKI MADE ON BAD PAPER, WITHOUT NUMBERS AND SIGNATURES, IN DUENESS OF 20 AND 40 RUBLES. THEY WERE RELEASED IN UNCUT SHEETS, THE SIZE OF A NEWSPAPER. STRENGTHENING OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM IN 1922 THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT ISSUED SPECIAL BANK TICKETS - "Chervonets". STRENGTHENING THE MONETARY SYSTEM

• In 1923, another step was taken towards strengthening the monetary system: banknotes of the newly created Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were issued. 1 ruble in these signs was equal to 1 million rubles issued before 1922, and to 100 rubles in 1922 money.
• In 1924, state treasury notes were issued in denominations of 1, 3 and 5 rubles.

PAPER RUBLE OF 1924 APPEARED SILVER 50, 20, 15 AND 10 KOPEKS. 5, 3, 2 AND 1 KOPEK CHANGING COIN WAS MADE FROM COPPER. IN 1925 THEY MADE A COPPER "POLOSHKA". IT EXISTED UNTIL 1928. IN 1931 SILVER CHANGING COINS WERE REPLACED WITH NICKEL COINS.

• Copper "half"

THE MONEY REFORM OF 1961 GAINED EVEN MORE IN THE PURCHASING POWER OF THE RUBLE AFTER THE MONEY REFORM OF 1961. FIVE KOPEKS 1961 MONETARY SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA

• In 1991-1993 in connection with
• Political and inflationary processes, the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS, were replaced by individual banknotes of bank notes of the USSR.

ON JANUARY 1, 1998 IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION THE MONEY REFORM (1000-FOLD DENOMINATION OF THE RUBLE) STARTED.

• Coins of the 1997 sample were put into circulation. In denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 kopecks and 1, 2, 5 rubles, 10, 50, 100 and 500 rubles.

"ISSUE 2001".

• In 2001, modified banknotes in denominations of 10, 50, 100, 500 rubles were put into circulation, the banknotes bear the designation: "Issue of 2001".
• In 2004, they developed banknotes of a higher denomination. They were banknotes of 1000 and 5000 rubles of the 2004 sample.

MODERN MONEY SIGNS

• THANKS
• ATTENTION.

Money

Performed: student 3 "A" class

MBOU secondary school No. 3 st. Novokorsunskaya

Nebet Valeria

Scientific adviser:Fomina M.V.

Money - it is one of the greatest human inventions.

The origin of money is associated with 7 - 8 thousand BC

• money- metal and paper signs, which are a measure of value in the sale and purchase, a means of payment and an object of accumulation.
• Russian word " money» came from the Turkic "tenge" .
• Tenge - originally a small silver, and then a copper coin in the countries of the East.

This is what the first (commodity) money in Russia looked like.

skin grain shark tooth

bird feathers cowrie shells livestock

For many peoples in tropical Africa, New Guinea, the slave was the unit of value and payment.

Spears, dog teeth, pieces of limestone and even pig tails were used as "money".

D engi is a commodity , acting as a universal equivalent, reflecting the value of all other goods.

Coins - the banknotes having the form and weight content established by the law.

In Russia, coinage began to be minted in the 9th - 10th centuries.

Under Catherine II, instead of expensive metal money, cheap paper money began to be issued on the model of Europe.

In mid-1917, new money appeared. These were Kerenki.

In 1922, the Soviet government issued special bank notes - "Chervonets".

• medium of exchange
• means of accumulation
• Instrument of payment
• The measure of value
• Function of world money

Monetary units

Monetary unit of the country - a banknote legally established in the country, the main element of the country's monetary system

Euro - single European currency

Ruble - currency unit Russia.

Dollar - US currency

Pound sterling - British currency

The Swiss franc is the monetary unit of Switzerland

Peso is the currency of Bolivia

Litas - the monetary unit of Lithuania

Electronic money is money or government bonds exchanged electronically only. Typically, this includes the use of computer networks, the Internet, and payment cards.

Electronic money is divided into two types:

• based on smart cards(examples: Visa Cash, Proton, Mondex, CLIP)
• network based(examples: WebMoney, Yandex.Money, Single Wallet, PayPal, e-gold, Rupay, Rapida.)