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What happened to tartaria in 1775. Old cards. Collection of maps of Tartaria

Well, in continuation of today's post about campaign of Batu in Russia I will also give you some historical information-a riddle.

More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, and so on.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

Here is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartary was alive, very many knew about it. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."

For the first time, Tartaria was openly announced on the Russian-language Internet Nikolai Levashov in the second part of his article “The Hushed History of Russia”, published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here is what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia by the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , they call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains, and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, situated north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)

Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Encyclopedia Britannica, First Edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771

Title page of the first Encyclopædia Britannica Britannica, 1771 edition

Article about Tartaria in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1771

A map of Europe from the first, yet uncorrected edition of Britannica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartaria

Map of Tartaria in the third volume of the first edition of Britannica, 1771

“As follows from the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there was a vast country Tartaria, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (FROMhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary) [Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary) .
What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.

Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geographico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

Article on Tartaria in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)

Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px

The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy company) - An English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.

The main population of this vast expanse were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as "Tatars". Until the middle of the XVII century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits who were there also ranked them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrianism, in the late Islamic (most of the Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most of the Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (in particular, the Nestorian persuasion).

The Turkic Khaganate became the first state formation on the entire territory of Great Tartaria. After the collapse of a single kaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the Kimak Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym "Tatars" has enough ancient history). By tradition, the Russians continued to call Tatars the majority of the Turkic-speaking peoples who lived on the territory of the former Golden Horde.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a settled way of life and their isolation in separate states, ethnic groups were formed: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the states on the territory of Tartaria began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called "Tartaria" was part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the "Tatar" part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. all ended up under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for the Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartaria".

At present, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar ASSR).

Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica

Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the "Slavic-Aryan Vedas

one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartaria

french map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map Tartaria or "The Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius

Map of Tartaria (detail). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

ethnographic map Remezov.

Map Great Tartaria 1706.

This unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartaria (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius

Russia by map Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg

Tartaria, 1814.

Tartaria De Lily 1706

Map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica), 1697.

Nicholas Witsen - Map Tartaria, not earlier than 1705

Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70

Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius)

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

The atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large-format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (FROMhinese Tartary) .

Tartaria on the Dutch map of Asia 1595

Image of the earth's globe (author's right - associate Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuth projection

And here is the last map, where there is still a similar name. It dates back to 1786.

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More recently, a few years ago, the word "Tartaria" was completely unknown to the vast majority of the inhabitants of Russia. The most that a Russian person who heard it for the first time associated with was the Greek mythological Tartarus, the well-known saying “fall into tartarars”, and, possibly, the notorious Mongol-Tatar yoke. (In fairness, we note that all of them are directly related to Tartaria, a country that relatively recently occupied almost the entire territory of Eurasia and the western part of North America).

Have you ever heard of such a country?

But back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of her was alive, very many knew about her. This is indirectly confirmed by the following fact. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenia, turn green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called "Venus from Tartarus."

For the first time, Nikolai Levashov openly spoke about Tartaria on the Russian-language Internet in the second part of his wonderful article “Hushed History of Russia”, published in July 2004 (then the author of the article did not yet have his own website. Its creation was only planned). Here is what he wrote then:

“... In the same British Encyclopedia, the Russian Empire, better known as the Great Tartary (Great Tartary), calls the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Translation: “Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

“As follows from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, there was a vast country of Tartaria, the provinces of which had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast, Chinese Tartaria adjoined it. (Chinese Tartary)[please do not confuse with China (China)]. In the south of Great Tartaria there was the so-called Independent Tartaria (Independent Tartary)[Middle Asia]. Tibetan Tartaria (Tibet) located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. Mongolian Tartaria was located in the north of India (Mogul Empire)(modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartaria in the north; Chinese Tartaria in the northeast; Tibetan Tartaria in the southeast; Mongolian Tartaria in the south and Persia (Persia) in the South-West. In Europe, there were also several Tartaria: Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary).

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongolian Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartaria and Chinese Tartaria.

Information about the Great Tartaria is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geographico Universal 1795 edition, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of the Spanish encyclopedias. For example, back in 1928 in the Spanish Encyclopedia "Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana" a rather extensive article on Tartary is given, which begins on page 790 and takes about 14 pages. This article contains a lot of truthful information about the homeland of our ancestors - the Great Tartaria, but at the end the “breath of the times” already affects, and there are fictions that are familiar to us now.

We provide a translation of a small fragment of the text of an article about Tartaria from this Encyclopedia of 1928 edition:

“Tartaria - for centuries this name has been applied to the entire territory of inner Asia, inhabited by hordes of Tartar-Moguls (tartaromogolas). The length of the territories that bore this name is distinguished by the area (distance) of the relief features of the 6 countries that bear this name. Tartaria stretched from the Strait of Tartaria (the strait separating Sakhalin Island from the Asian continent) and the mountain range of Tartaria (also known as Sikhota Alin - coastal mountain range), which separates the sea from Japan and the already mentioned Strait of Tartaria on one side, and to the modern Tartar Republic , which extends to the Volga (both banks) and its tributary Kama in Russia; to the south are Mongolia and Turkestan. On the territory of this vast country lived Tartars, nomads, rude, persistent and restrained, who in ancient times were called Scythians. (escitas).

On old maps, Tartaria was called the northern part of the Asian continent. For example, on the Portuguese map of 1501-04, Tartaria was called a large territory that stretches between Isartus (Jaxartus) to Okkardo (Ob), to the Ural Mountains. On the map of Ortelius (1570), Tartaria is the entire vast region from Catayo (China) to Muscovy (Russia). On the map J.B. Hommann (1716) Tartaria has an even greater extent: Great Tartaria (Tartaria Magna) stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Volga, including all of Mogolia, Kyrgyzstan and Turkestan. The last three countries were also called Independent Nomadic Tartaria (Tartaria Vagabundomni Independent), which stretched from the Amur to the Caspian Sea. Finally, on the world map la Carte Generals de toutes les Cosies du Blonde et les pavs nouvellement decouveris published in Amsterdam in 1710 by Juan Covens (Juan Covens) and Cornelio Mortier (Cornelio Mortier), Tartaria is also mentioned under the name of Great Tartaria (Grande Tartarie) from the Amur Sea, which is located in the Amur Delta to the Volga. On all maps published before the end of the 18th century, Tartary is a huge area that covers the center and north of the Asian continent ... " (Translated by Elena Lyubimova).

From this follows a completely logical conclusion that everyone (if not all, then many) knew well about the Great Tartaria even in the first quarter of the 20th century. This is also evidenced by the almost universal use of Vedic symbols (various swastikas and others), which continued in the USA and Europe until the end of the 30s, and in Asia continues to this day. After the Second World War, organized, financed and skillfully carried out by world Zionism, the truthful information about our Motherland - the Great Tartaria - began to disappear catastrophically quickly. And after the assassination of Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), who got out of the subordination of the Zionists and tried to subjugate the world personally to himself, no one prevented the global financial mafia from controlling all the media and dictating to the whole world only what they want (the truth about the true role of Joseph Dzhugashvili in the fate of the Russian people, see section 2.29 of the first volume of the book by Academician N.V. Levashov "Russia in Crooked Mirrors").

So, in a relatively short period of time (during the life of only a few generations), our enemies managed to almost completely remove from everyday life all the information about our truly Great Motherland, about our truly heroic ancestors who fought Evil for many hundreds of thousands of years. And instead, the Zionist gang taught many of us that the Russians were wild people, and only the civilization of the West helped them to descend from the trees on which they supposedly lived, and joyfully follow the enlightened world into a brighter future.

In fact, everything is exactly the opposite! Our entire site is dedicated to debunking this big lie about Russia and the Russians. And some fun facts about the "enlightened" and "civilized" West can be found in the article « Medieval Europe. Strokes for a portrait. When the enemies began to bite off small pieces from the western part of Great Tartaria and create separate states from them in Europe, everything quickly began to decline there. The Christian religion, which ousted the Vedic worldview from the conquered peoples with fire and sword, quickly turned people into stupid, dumb slaves. This process and its phenomenal results are very well described in the article "Christianity as a weapon of mass destruction". So, it is simply unlawful to talk about any enlightened and civilized West. There was no such thing! At first, there was no "West" itself in our current understanding of this term, and when it appeared, it could not be, and was not enlightened and civilized due to completely objective reasons!

* * * However, let us return to Tartaria. The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaria is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is a map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the British diplomat Anthony Jenkinson. (Anthony Jenkinson), who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and part-time representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company)- an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations were not only official reports, but also the most detailed map of areas at that time that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that moment.

Tartaria is also in the solid world Atlas of Mercator-Hondius of the beginning of the 17th century. Yodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)- a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of the Mercator world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as a publisher.

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598)- Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartaria is also on the Dutch map of Asia in 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer, who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world "Review of the most famous places in the world" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (Chinese Tartary).

Let's look at a few more foreign maps. Dutch map of Great Tartary, Great Mughal Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) Frederick de Wit (Frederick de Wit), Dutch map by Peter Schenk (Pieter Schenk).

French map of Asia in 1692 and a map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartaria by Guillaume de Lisle (1688-1768), French astronomer and cartographer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1702). He also published a world atlas (1700-1714). In 1725-47 he worked in Russia, was an academician and the first director of the academic astronomical observatory, from 1747 - a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

We have given only some of the many maps that clearly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it. Oh ta R tarakh, which now everyone who is not lazy, call the Tatars and refer to the Mongoloids. In this regard, it is very interesting to look at the images of these "Tatars". We will have to turn again to European sources. The well-known book is very indicative in this case. "The Travels of Marco Polo" That's what they called her in England. In France it was called "Book of the Great Khan", in other countries the “Book on the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself titled his manuscript “Description of the World”. Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.

In it, Marco Polo (1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels in Asia and his 17-year stay at the court of the “Mongolian” Khan Kublai. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will turn our attention to the fact that the Europeans portrayed the "Mongols" in the Middle Ages.

As you can see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.

Oddly enough, the tradition of depicting the Mongols and Tatars in such a strange European form has been preserved further. And in the 17th, and in the 18th, and in the 19th centuries, Europeans stubbornly continued to portray the "Tatars" from Tartaria with all the signs of the people of the White Race. See, for example, how the French cartographer and engineer Male depicted "Tatars" and "Mongols" (Allain Manesson Mallet)(1630-1706), whose drawings were printed in Frankfurt in 1719. Or an engraving from 1700 depicting a Tartar princess and a Tartar prince.

From the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartaria. In Europe, numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th century have been preserved, which depict the citizens of this country - tartars. It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers call Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. With surprise, we see images of Eastern tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc.

Above are engravings from books Thomas Jeffrey (Thomas Jefferys) "Catalogue of national costumes of different peoples, ancient and modern", London, 1757-1772 in 4 volumes (A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern) and Jesuit travel collections Antoine Francois Prevost(Antoine-Francois Prevost d'Exiles 1697-1763) entitled "Histoire Generale Des Voyages" published in 1760.

Let's see a few more engravings depicting various tartars that lived on the territory Great Tartaria from the book of a German, professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Johan Gottlieb Georgi(Johann Gottlieb Georgi 1729-1802) "Russia or a complete historical report on all the peoples living in this Empire" (Russia or a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire) London, 1780 It contains sketched national costumes of Tartar women from Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Achinsk.

As we now know, apart from Great Tartaria, which, according to Western cartographers, occupied Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East, there were several more Tartaria in Asia: Chinese Tartaria (this is not China), Independent Tartaria (modern Central Asia), Tibetan Tartaria (modern Tibet), Uzbek Tartaria and Mughal Tartaria (Mughal Empire). Evidence of the representatives of these Tartaria is also preserved in historical European documents.

Some names of peoples were unknown to us. For example, who are these tartars Taguris or tartars Kohonor? To solve the mystery of the name of the first tartars, the above mentioned "Travel Collection" Antoine Prevost. It turned out that these were Turkestan tartars. Presumably, geographical names helped to identify the second tartars. Qinghai Province is located in the west-central part of China. (Qinhai) bordering Tibet. This province is rich in endorheic lakes, the largest of which is called Qinghai (Blue Sea), which gave the province its name. However, we are interested in another name for this lake - Kukunor (Kuku Nor or Koko Nor). The Chinese captured this province from Tibet in 1724. So Kohonor tartars may well be Tibetan tartars.

We didn't know who they were. Tartares de Naun Koton ou Tsitsikar. It turned out that the city of Qiqihar still exists, and is now located in China northwest of Harbin, which, as you know, was founded by Russians. As for the founding of Qiqihar, traditional history tells us that it was founded by the Mongols. However, it is not clear just where the tartars could come from?

Most likely, the founders of the city were the same Mongols who founded Mughal Empire in the north of India, on the territory of which modern Pakistan is now located, and which has nothing to do with the modern state of Mongolia. These two countries are thousands of kilometers apart, separated by the Himalayas and were inhabited different nations. Let's see some images of these "mysterious" Mughals made by a French cartographer Male (Allain Manesson Mallet), Dutch publisher and cartographer Isaac Tyrion (Isaac Tirion)(1705-1769) and Scottish historian and geographer Thomas Salmon (Thomas Salmon)(1679-1767) from his book "Modern History" (Modern History or the Present State of all Nations) published in London in 1739.

Looking closely at the clothes of the Mughal rulers, one cannot help but notice their striking resemblance with the ceremonial clothes of Russian tsars and boyars, and the appearance of the Mughals themselves has all the signs of the White Race. Pay attention also to the 4th figure. It depicts Shah Jahan I (Shah Jahan)(1592-1666) - ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1627 to 1658. The one that built the famous Taj Mahal. The French caption under the engraving reads: Le Grand Mogol. Le Impereur d'Indostan, which means Great Mogul - Emperor of Hindustan. As you can see, there is absolutely nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the Shah.

Incidentally, the ancestor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire is a great warrior and an outstanding commander Tamerlane(1336-1405). Now, let's look at his image. The engraving says: Tamerlan, empereur des Tartares – Tamerlane - Emperor Tartarus, and in the book "Histoire de Timur-Bec, connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan, empereur des Mogols & Tartares", written by Sharaf al Din Ali Yazdi in 1454 and published in Paris in 1722, it is, as we see, named Emperor Mogul and Tartarus.

We also managed to find images of other tartars and see how various Western authors depicted representatives Lesser Tartaria - Zaporizhzhya Sich, as well as Nogai, Cherkasy, Kalmyk and Kazan tartars.

Why are there so many countries on the world maps of those times that have the word Tartaria? Academician answered this question Nikolai Levashov in his most interesting article "Hushed History of Russia-2":

“The reason for the appearance of such a number of Tartaria is the budding from the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) outlying provinces, as a result of the weakening of the Empire as a result of the invasion of the Dzungar hordes, who captured and completely destroyed the capital of this Empire - Asgard-Iriysky in 7038 AD SMZH or 1530 AD.”

Tartaria in Dabville's "World Geography"

Recently, we came across another encyclopedia that tells about our Motherland, Great Tartary, the largest country in the world. This time the encyclopedia turned out to be French, edited, as we would say today, by the royal geographer Duval Dubville (DuVal d'Abbwille). Her name is long and sounds like this: "World Geography containing descriptions, maps and coats of arms of the main countries of the world" (La Geographie Universelle contenant Les Descriptions, les Cartes, et le Blason des principaux Pais du Monde). Published in Paris in 1676, 312 pages with maps. In what follows, we will simply call it "World Geography".

Below we present you the description of the article about Tartaria from the "World Geography" in the form in which it is given in the Puzzles library, from where we copied it:

“This ancient book is the first volume of a geographical atlas with accompanying articles describing the contemporary states of the whole world. The second volume was the geography of Europe. But this volume, apparently, has sunk into history. The book is made in a pocket format, 8x12 cm in size and about 3 cm thick. The cover is made of papier-mâché, covered with thin leather with gold embossed floral pattern on the spine and ends of the cover. The book has 312 numbered, bound pages of text, 7 unnumbered bound title pages, 50 glued spread sheets of maps, one pasted sheet - a list of maps, among which, by the way, European countries are listed. On the first spread of the book there is an ex-libris containing the coat of arms and the inscriptions: "ExBibliotheca" and Marchionatus: Pinczoviensis. The date of the book is written in Arabic numerals 1676 and Roman "M.D C.LXXVI".

"World Geography" is a unique historical document in the field of cartography and is of great importance for all countries of the world in the field of history, geography, linguistics, chronology. It is noteworthy that in this geography of all countries (excluding European ones), only two are called empires. it Empire of Tartaria (Empire de Tartarie) on the territory of modern Siberia, and Mughal Empire (Empire du Mogol) in present-day India. In Europe, one empire is indicated - Turkish (Empire des Turcs). But, if in modern history you can easily find information about the Empire of the Great Mogul, then Tartaria, as an empire, is not mentioned in textbooks either on world or domestic, or in materials on the history of Siberia. 7 countries have coats of arms, including Empires of Tartaria. Interesting combinations of geographical names that have survived to this day and sunk into time. For example, on the map of Tartaria, it borders on the south with CHINE(modern China), and nearby on the territory of Tartaria, behind the Great Wall of China, an area called CATHAI , a little above the indicated lake Lak Kithay and locality Kithaisko. The first volume included the content of the second volume - the geography of Europe, which, in particular, indicates Muscovy(mofcovie) as an independent state.

This book is also of interest to linguists-historians. It is written in old French, but, for example, the use of the letters V and U, which are often substituted for each other in geographical names, has not yet settled down in it. For example, names AVSTRALE and AUSTRALES on one sheet-paste between 10-11 s. And the letter "s" in many places is replaced by the letter "f", which, by the way, was the main reason for the difficulty of translating the text by specialists who do not know about such a replacement. For example, the name of Asia in some places was written as Afia. Or the word desert desert written as defer. The letter "B" from the Slavic alphabet is clearly corrected for "B" from the Latin, for example, on the map of Zimbabwe. And so on".

Below is the semantic translation of the article "Tartaria" from Dubville's "Geography of the World" (pp. 237-243). Translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for The Cave.

This material is placed by us here not because it contains some unique information. Far from it. It is placed here simply as another irrefutable evidence the fact that Great Tartaria - the Motherland of the Rus - existed in reality. It must also be borne in mind that this encyclopedia was published in the 17th century, when the distortion of world history by the enemies of Mankind had already been almost universally completed. Therefore, one should not be surprised at some inconsistencies in it, such as the fact that "the Chinese wall was built by the Chinese." Even today the Chinese are not able to build such a wall, and even more so then ...

Tartaria Occupies the most extensive territory in the north of the continent. In the east it extends to the country Esso(1), the area of which is equal to the area of Europe, since it occupies more than half of the northern hemisphere in length, and in width it far exceeds East Asia. The name itself Tartaria, which came to replace Scythia, comes from the Tatar River, which the Chinese call Tata because they don't use the letter R.

Tartars are the best archers in the world, but they are barbarously cruel. They often fight and almost always defeat those they attack, leaving the latter in confusion. The Tartars were forced to surrender: Cyrus, when he crossed the Araks; Darius Hystaspes, when he went to war against the Scythians of Europe; Alexander the Great when he crossed the Oxus (Oxus)[modern. Amu Darya. - E.L.]. And in our times, the Great Kingdom of China could not escape their domination. The cavalry is the main striking force of their numerous armies, contrary to what is practiced in Europe. She is the first to attack. The most peaceful of them live in felt tents and keep cattle, doing nothing else.

At all times their country has been the source of many conquerors and colonizers in many countries: and even the great wall that the Chinese have erected against them is unable to stop them. They are ruled by princes they call khanami. They are divided into several Hordes - this is something like our districts, camps, tribes or clan council, but this is what we know about them like what their common name is Tartars. The object of their great worship is owl, after Genghis, one of their sovereigns, was saved with the help of this bird. They do not want to know where they are buried, for this, each of them chooses a tree and the one who will hang them on it after their death.

They are mostly idolaters, but there are also a large number of Mohammedans among them; we learned that those who conquered China were almost do not profess any special religion although they adhere to several moral virtues. As a rule, Asian Tartaria is usually divided into five large parts: Tartaria Desert (Tartari Deserte), Chagatai(Giagathi), Turkestan (Turquestan), Northern Tartaria (Tartarie Septentrionale) and Kimskaya Tartaria (Tartarie du Kim).

Tartaria Desert has such a name because most of its land is left uncultivated. She recognizes for the most part the Grand Duke of Moscow, who receives beautiful and rich furs from there, and subjugated many people there, because this is a country of shepherds, not soldiers. Its cities of Kazan and Astrakhan are located on the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea with 70 mouths, in contrast to the Ob, which flows in the same country, and which flows into the Ocean with only six. Astrakhan conducts an extensive trade in salt, which the inhabitants extract from the mountain. Kalmyks are idolaters and are similar to the ancient Scythians due to raids, cruelty and other traits.

Peoples of Chagatai (Giagathai) and Mavaralnahi (Mawaralnahr) have their own khans. Samarkand is the city where the great Tamerlane founded the famous university. They also have a trading city Bokor (Bockor), which is considered the birthplace of the famous Avicenna, philosopher and physician, and Orkan (Orcange) almost on the Caspian Sea. Alexandria of Sogdia became famous because of the death there of the formerly famous philosopher Callisthenes. (Callisthene).

Mughal tribe (de Mogol) known because of the origin of their prince, bearing the same name, who rules most of India. The inhabitants there hunt wild horses with falcons; in several parts they are so disposed and have such a penchant for music that we have observed their little ones singing instead of playing. Those of the Chagatays and Uzbeks (d'Yousbeg), who are not called Tartars, are Mohammedans.

Turkestan is the country from which the Turks came. Tibet supplies musk, cinnamon and coral, which act as money for the locals.

Kim(n) Tartaria is one of the names that katai (Сathai), which is the largest state of Tartaria, because it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities. Its capital is called flounder (Сambalu)(2) or more often Manchu (Muoncheu): some authors talked about wonderful cities, the most famous of which are called hangzhou (Quinzai), Xantum (?), Suntien (?) and Beijing (Pequim): they also report on other things that are in the Royal Palace - twenty-four columns of pure gold and another - the largest of the same metal with a pine cone, cut with precious stones, which can buy four large cities. We took a trip to katai(Cathai) by different roads, hoping to find there gold, musk, rhubarb (3), and other rich goods: some went over land, others along the northern sea, and some again went up the Ganges (4).

The Tartars of this country were part of China in our time, and the king Niuche(5), which is called xunchi, is the one who conquered him at the age of twelve, following the good and faithful advice of his two uncles. Fortunately, the young conqueror was distinguished by great moderation and treated the newly conquered peoples with all the gentleness that one can imagine.

old or true Tataria, which the Arabs called differently, is located in the north and is little known. They say that Shalmaneser (Salmanasar), the king of Assyria, brought tribes from the Holy Land, which are the Hordes, which to this day have retained their names and customs: both him and the imams, known in antiquity, and the name of one of the largest mountains in the world.

Translator's notes

1. The country of Esso on French medieval maps was designated differently: Terre de Jesso or Je Co. or yesso or Terre de la Compagnie. This name was also associated with different places - sometimes with about. Hokkaido, which was drawn as part of the mainland, but mostly called the western part of North America. (See the 1691 map by the French cartographer Nicholas Sanson (Nicolas Sanson) 1600-1667).

2. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, the city of Beijing was called Khanbalik(Khan-Balyk, Kambaluk, Kabalut), which means "The Great Residence of the Khan", it can be found in the notes of Marco Polo in writing Cambuluc.

3. Rhubarb- a medicinal plant, widespread in Siberia. In the Middle Ages, it was exported and constituted a state monopoly. The habitats of the plant were carefully hidden. In Europe, it was unknown and began to be cultivated everywhere, starting only from the 18th century.

4. On medieval maps, the Liaodong Bay was called the Ganges. (See 1682 Italian map of China Giacomo Cantelli (Giacomo Cantelli(1643-1695) and Giovanni Giacomo di Rossi(Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi)).

5. The northeastern fragment of the 1682 Italian map of China shows the kingdom Niuche(or Nuzhen), about which the description says that it conquered and rules China, which occupied the north of Liaodong and Korea, in the northeast lie the lands Yupy Tartars(or Fishskin Tartars), and Tartari del Kin or dell'Oro(Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars).

The text of the article about Tartaria contains the name Tamerlane which is called great. We found several engravings with his image. Interestingly, Europeans pronounced his name in different ways: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine or Taimur and Lang.

As is known from the course of orthodox history, Tamerlane (1336-1406) - “Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, the Volga region and Russia. An outstanding commander, emir (since 1370). Founder of the Timurid Empire and Dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand".

Like Genghis Khan, today it is customary to portray him as a Mongoloid. As can be seen from the photographs of the original medieval European engravings, Tamerlane was not at all the way orthodox historians paint him. The engravings prove the absolute fallacy of this approach...

Tartaria in the "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences"

Information about a huge country Tartaria also contained in the 4th volume of the second edition "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences" (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences) published in London in 1764. On page 3166, a description of Tartaria is given, which was later fully included in the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China.

Tartaria in the "World History" of Dionysius Petavius

Tartaria was also described by the founder of modern chronology, and in fact the falsification of world history, Dionysius Petavius(1583-1652) - French cardinal, Jesuit, Catholic theologian and historian. In his geographical description of the world, "World History" (The History of the World: Or, an Account of Time, Together With a Geographicall Description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America), published in 1659, the following is said about Tartaria (translated from Middle English by Elena Lyubimova):

Tartaria(formerly known as Scythia, after the name of their first ruler, Scythus, who was first called Magogus(from Magog, the son of Japhet), whose descendants settled this country) is called Tartaria by its inhabitants by the Monguls after the name of the Tartar River, which washes most of it. This is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any other country, except for the overseas possessions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses and between which communication is established, while in the latter they are very scattered), extending 5400 miles from east to west, and on 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor owns many kingdoms and provinces containing many good cities.

In the east, it borders China, the Sea of Xing or the Eastern Ocean, and the Strait of Anian. Mountains in the west Imaus(Himalayan range), although there are Tartar hordes that recognize the power of the Khan, on the other side of them; in the south - by the river Ganges and Oxus (Oxus) which we now call Abia(modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some say, with the mountain .... , the Caspian Sea and the Chinese wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also a rich and great kingdom katai (Cathai), in the center of which is the city of Kambalu ( Cambalu or Cunbula), stretching for 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River (polisangi). There are also kingdoms Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduc), Camul(Camul), Tainfur (Tainfur) and Tibet (Thebet), as well as the city and province of Kaindo (caindo). However, according to the general opinion, today Tartaria is divided into five provinces.

1. Small Tartaria (Tartaria precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. She has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after whose name the country is called. These Tartars must help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without pay on the first request (if they have a shortage of people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.

2. Tartaria Asian or Muscovite or Desert is located on the banks of the Volga River. People there live mainly in tents and represent an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the pasture runs out of food for their cattle, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently, they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, a Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Nogkhan (Noghan). The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.

3. Ancient Tartaria- the cradle of this people, from where they furiously spread throughout Asia and Europe. She rests on the icy ocean. Ordinary people live in tents or under their wagons. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Horace (choras), famous for the khan's tombs. Lop Desert is located in this province (lop) where King Tabor came to persuade them to Judaism. Charles V burnt it in Mantua in 1540.

4. Chagatai (Zagathai) divided into Bactria, bordering in the north and east on Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and in the south on Aria (Aria), where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan ( Chorazzan or Charassan), after whom the country is named. Bactra (Bactra), named after the river, which is now called Bochara where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Nin [king of Babylon] was the first king of this earth, and to whom is credited the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias (Istigias) which, some say, is the capital of that province, is one of the most agreeable cities in the East.

Margiana (Margiana) located between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania (Hircania) in the west (although some say it lies north of Hyrcania). She is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities: Oxiana stands on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Kiropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Under its walls, Alexander was wounded. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his whole army considered him dead.

Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities, Galla and Auxerre, of whose glory I know nothing.

And finally, north of these four lies the province Zagatae?, which was so named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, father of Tamerlane, was the heir Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Fury of the Lord and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino (Gino), daughter and heiress, and thus received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And they, after his death, lost everything that he won. Its capital is Samarkand- the place of residence of Tamerlane, which he enriched with booty brought from his numerous campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the ruler of the province is located.

katai (Cathai)(which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo had here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies to the east of the Tartar Provinces. It is believed that the Seres used to live here. (Seres) who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from fine wool that grows on the leaves of trees, therefore in Latin silk is called serica. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. In this province there are many beautiful cities: among which the capital Kambalu (Cambalu), whose area is 28 miles, except for the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, it is inhabited by Great Khan. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.

The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartaria was Genghis in 1162, who, conquering Mucham, last king Tenduka and Kataya, changed the name of Scythia to Tartaria: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after whom we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events took place there, because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone to visit them except merchants and ambassadors, and did not allow his subjects to travel outside their countries.

But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, originating from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars, if they dared to do the same.

Scythians they were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to subdue someone. There was once a long discussion about who is older Egyptians or Scythians, which ended up being The Scythians were recognized as the most ancient people. And for their multitude they were called mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or the Scythians of Europe.

With regard to the wealth of their territory, it is said that, since they have many rivers, their grass is visibly invisible, but there is not enough fuel, so that they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Since they are cold, they have a large supply of wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but to live in comfort. There, the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow, and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.

Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of both wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk, and excellent camel-hair textiles. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk, as well as other goods from China, to Kambala. To this one can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits that have been coming from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, for a long time now. We cannot say for sure, but the Tartars are very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who are subject to one prince) have a lot.

Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans who daily announce that there is only one god. There are more idolaters in Katai than Mohammedans who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and enlightenment, and the god of the Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their flocks, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him like this: rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of which are in their houses), the broth is poured into the street for spirits. They keep the god of Heaven high and the earth low. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs and idolaters.

They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them look like Christians or Jews, although there are not many of them: these are Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek churches, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the mother of God; that their priests may marry as often as they please. They also say it's one thing to be God's Word, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two Councils of Ephesus.

Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musala (Musal) in Mesopotamia, is not elected, but the son inherits the father - the first elected archbishop. Among them there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people with fat, burn their corpses, and the ashes are carefully collected and stored, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, the king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartarin Chengiz in 1162, 40 years after he accepted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless, he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorani Christians extended their influence to the city of Campion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.

* * * Tartaria mentioned in their works and many European artists - writers and composers. Here is a small list with some of those mentions…

Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) - Italian opera composer, opera "Princess Turandot". The father of the protagonist - Kalaf - Timur - the deposed King of the Tartars.

William Shakespeare(1564-1616), play Macbeth. Witches add the lips of Tartarin to their potion.

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. Doctor Frankenstein is chasing the monster "among the wild expanses of Tartaria and Russia ..."

Charles Dickens"Great expectations". Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is "hard and haughty and capricious to the last degree..."

Robert Browning"Hameln Pied Piper". The piper mentions Tartaria as a place of successful work: "Last June in Tartaria, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes."

Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. Esquire's Story is about royal court Tartaria.

Tartaria in the "Atlas of Asia" by Nicholas Sanson 1653

Information about the Great Tartaria can also be found at Nicholas Sanson (Nicholas Sanson(1600-1667) - French historian and court cartographer of Louis XIII. In 1653, his atlas of Asia was published in Paris - "L'Asie, En Plusieurs Cartes Nouvelles, Et Exactes, &c.: En Divers Traitez De Geographie, Et D'Histoire; La ou sont descrits succinctement, & avec une belle Methode, & facile, Ses Empires, Ses Monarchies, Ses Estates &c.

The atlas contains maps and a description of the countries of the Asian continent in as much detail as the availability of information about the realities of a particular country allowed, and its absence made it possible for various kinds of assumptions, often having nothing to do with the current state of affairs, which is observed when describing Tartaria (take at least one of the ridiculous versions about the origin of the tartars from the ten lost tribes of Israel.) Thus, the author, like many European medieval historians before and after him, unwittingly, but most likely intentionally made his own contribution to the falsification of both world history and the history of our Motherland.

For this, seemingly insignificant and harmless things were used. The author "lost" only one letter in the name of the country, and Tartaria from the lands of the gods Tarh and Tara turned into a kind of previously unknown Tataria. Added one letter to the name of the people, and Mughals turned into Mongols. Other historians went further, and the Mughals (from the Greek. μεγáλoι (megaloi) – great) turned into Monguls, Mongals, Mungals, Mugals, Monks, etc. Such “replacements”, as you understand, provide a wide field of activity for various kinds of falsifications, which have very far-reaching consequences.

Let's take relatively recent times as an example. AT February 1936 By the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR "On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word "Cossack"" it was ordered to replace the last letter " To" on the " X", and from now on write "Kazakh", and not "Cossack", "Kazakhstan", not "Kazakhstan", and that the newly formed Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

How is this change one letter influenced the lives of the latter, it is not necessary to tell for a long time. As a result of the anti-human national policy of the Kazakh authorities, launched after the victory of democracy in the 90s, representatives of the "non-titular" Russian nation are squeezed out of all spheres of life and forced to leave the lands of their ancestors. Kazakhstan already left 3.5 million people, which is 25% of the total population of the republic. They left the republic in 2000 another 600 thousand human. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply deteriorated, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are being closed, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. That's what it costs to replace everything one letter In the title.

And now, we present to you, the actual translation from the Middle French language of the article about Tartary from "Atlas of Asia" 1653 by Nicholas Sanson. The word "Middle French" means that this language is no longer ancient, but not yet modern. Those. is a language that was still in the stage of development in the 17th century formation grammar, syntax and phonetics, especially in the written version of the language. Translated from Middle French by Elena Lyubimova.

Tartaria or Tataria occupies the north of all Asia. It stretches from west to east, starting from the Volga and Ob, which separate [from it] Europe, to the land of Iesso, which separates America; and northern Media, the Caspian Sea, the Gihon River (Gehon)[modern. Amu Darya], the Caucasus Mountains, d'ussonte, which separate the southernmost territories of Asia, to the North Ocean, the Arctic or Scythian. In length, it occupies half of the Northern Hemisphere - from 90 to 180 degrees of longitude, in width - half of all of Asia from 35 or 40 to 70 or 72 degrees of latitude. Its extent is fifteen hundred leagues from east to west, and seven or eight hundred from south to north.

Almost all of it is located in the temperate zone, however, its southernmost sections are located beyond this temperate zone, and in the remaining northern ones before it, the climate is cold and harsh. The southernmost territories of the country are always bounded by the three high mountains of the south coast, which trap heat in the south and cold in the north, so that some might say that, in general, temperatures in Tartaria are much lower than in a temperate climate.

It neighbors the Muscovites in the west; Persians, Indians or Moghuls, Chinese in the south; the rest of the territory is washed by the sea, and we don't know much about her. Some believe that in the east is located Strait of Anian (d'esroit d'anian)[Bering Strait] that separates America, others that the Strait of Jesso (d'estroit de Iesso), which separates the land or island of Iesso, which is located between Asia and America, as they would say for Japan. Some still call the Northern Ocean in one way, others in a different way.

Name Tartaria comes, most likely, from the name of a river or a locality, or the Tartar Horde, from where those peoples appeared who became known in all parts of Asia. Others say that they are called so from Tatars or Totars, which means in Assyrian“remaining” or “leaving”: because they regard them as the remnant of the Jews, half of whose ten tribes were displaced by Shalmaneser, and add that the other half of these ten tribes went to Scythia, about which nowhere noted by the ancients. Although the Persians still call this country Tatars, and the people Tatars, and the Chinese - Taguis.

Tartaria is divided into five main parts, which are Tartaria Desert (Tartari Deserte),Uzbekistan or Chagatai (Vzbeck ou Zagathay), Turkestan (Turqestan), katai (Сathay) and True Tarataria(vraye tartarie). The first and last are the northernmost, barbaric and nothing is known about them. The other three, more southerly, are the most civilized and famous for their many beautiful cities and extensive trade.

The ancients called Tartaria Desert Scythia intra Imaum(one); Uzbekistan and Chagatai are Bactrian and Sogdiana, respectively. Turkestan was called in ancient times Scythia extra imaum. Katai was called Serika (Serica Regio). As for True Tartaria, the ancients did not know anything about it, or it represented the northernmost territories, both one and the other Scythia. Desert Tartaria is limited from the west by the Volga and Ob rivers, which separate it from Muscovy; in the east - by mountains that separate True Tartaria and Turkestan; in the north - by the Northern Ocean; in the south - by the Caspian Sea, from Tabarestan [modern. Iranian province of Mazandaran] by the river Shesel (Chesel)[modern. Raw Darya]. It is separated from Uzbekistan by several mountains, which are connected with the mountains Imaum.

The whole country is inhabited by peoples or tribes, which are troops or detachments, which are called Hordes. They almost never stay in closed places, and they have no need for this, because they have no immovable dwelling to keep them in place. They are constantly wandering; they load tents and families and everything they have on carts, and do not stop until they find the most beautiful and most suitable pasture for their animals. There is something to which they devote themselves even more than hunting. This is war. They do not cultivate the land, despite the fact that it is beautiful and fertile. That is why it is called Desert Tartary. Among its hordes, the most famous are the Nogais, who pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who also owns part of Desert Tartaria.

Uzbekistan or Chagatai extends from the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and from Persia and India to Desert Tartaria. The Shesel rivers flow through it. (Chesel) or the old fashioned way Jaxartes, Gigon or according to the old Albiamu or Oxus[modern. Amu Darya]. Its peoples are the most civilized and the most dexterous of all Western Tartars. They carry on a great deal of trade with the Persians, with whom they sometimes were at enmity, sometimes they lived in complete harmony, with the Indians and with Cathay. They produce silk, which is measured in large wicker baskets and sold to Muscovy. Their most beautiful cities are Samarkand, Bukhara and Badaschian and further Balck. According to some, Khorasan, which at different times was owned by Uzbek khans, enjoys the greatest respect. Badaschian located on the border with Khorasan. Bukhara ( Bochara or Bachara), in which Avicenna, the most famous philosopher and physician in the whole East, lived. Samarkand is the birthplace of the great Tamerlane, who turned it into the most beautiful and richest city in Asia by building the famous Academy, which further strengthened the good name of the Mohammedans.

Turkestan located in the east of Uzbekistan (or Chagatai), in the west of Katai, in the north of India and in the south of True Tartaria. It is divided into several kingdoms, the most famous of which are Cascar, Cotan, Cialis, Ciarchian and Thibet. Some capitals have the same names, and sometimes for the rulers of these kingdoms they use Hiarchan instead of Cascar, and Turon or Turphon instead of Cialis. Kingdom Cascar is the richest, most abundant and most developed of all. Kingdom Ciarciam- the smallest and sandy, which is compensated by the presence of a lot of jasper and lavender there. AT Cascar a lot of excellent rhubarb grows. Cotan and Cialis produce a variety of fruits, wine, flax, hemp, cotton, etc. Tibet is closest to the Mughals of India and is located among the mountains of Imave, the Caucasus and Vssonte. It is rich in wild animals, musk, cinnamon and uses coral instead of money. The links we established with this state in 1624 and 1626 will make it greater and richer, like Cathay. But those three states [to which we went] in 1651 are cold and always covered with snow - it is believed that there [is] the king of all barbarians - and the less powerful of [the city] Serenegar, which is not Rahia? between the states of the Great Mogul, so that we are not sure of the [fruitfulness] of most of these ties.

katai is the easternmost part of Tartaria. It is considered the richest and most powerful state. In the west, it borders on Turkestan, on China in the south, on the north with True Tartaria, and in the east it is washed by the Ies Strait. (d'estroit de Iesso). Some believe that all of Cathay is [governed] by one monarch or emperor, whom they call khan or ulukhan, which means the Great Khan, who is the greatest and richest ruler of the world. Others believe that there [rule] various kings who are splendid subjects of the Great Khan. This mighty, well-cultivated and built-up country is rich in everything one could wish for. Its capital is [city] Cambalu, ten (and others say twenty) leagues in length, which has twelve vast suburbs, and to the south is a huge royal palace, at a distance of another ten or twelve leagues. All Tartars, Chinese, Hindus and Persians conduct extensive trade in this city.

Of all the kingdoms of Cathay Tangut- the most outstanding. Its capital is [city] Campion, where the caravans of merchants are stopped, preventing them from going further into the kingdom because of the rhubarb. Kingdom of Tenduk (Tenduc) with the capital of the same name supplies sheet gold and silver, silk and falcons. It is believed that in this country there is Prester John - a special king - Christian, more precisely Nestorian - a subject of the Great Khan. Kingdom Thainfur known a large number their peoples, excellent wines, magnificent weapons, cannons, etc.

Other great travelers tell wonders about the greatness, power and splendor of the Great Khan, about the extent of his kingdoms, his kings who are his subjects, about the many ambassadors who are always waiting for him, about the reverence and reverence that is shown to him, about the strength and countlessness of his people with whom he can fill his troops. Remote Europe had to believe us until he showed his strength in 1618 (2), when he occupied the passes and passes of this famous mountain and wall that separates Tartaria from China, sacrificing countless people from his great kingdom, capturing and having plundered its most beautiful cities and almost all the provinces; pushing the king of China to Canton and [leaving him in] possession of no more than one or two provinces, but by the treaty of 1650 the king of China was returned most of his country.

True or ancient Tartaria is the northernmost part of Tartaria - the coldest, most uncultivated and most barbaric of all; nevertheless, it is the place from which the Tartars left about 1200 from our salvation, and to which they returned. They are known to rule over six neighboring hordes, carry weapons, and rule over the largest and most beautiful parts of Asia. It is believed that they are the remnants of that half of the ten tribes that were transported. They also say that the tribes of Dan, Naphtali and Zebulun were found there. However, for a completely unknown country can be easily imagined such names as anyone pleases. Their kingdoms, provinces or hordes of Monguls, Buryats (Bargu), Taratars and Naimans are the most famous. Some authors put Gog and Magog there, while others - between the Mughal state (3) and China, Maug? at the top of the lake Chiamay.

The main wealth of True Tartaria is cattle and furs, including the fur of polar bears, black foxes, martens and sables. They live on milk and meat, which they have in abundance; not caring about fruits or cereals. In speech they are still felt ancient Scythian. Some of them have kings, others live in hordes or communities; almost all are shepherds and subjects of the Great Cathay Khan (Grand Chan du Cathay).

Translator's note

1. The first geographer who got a fairly clear idea of the great separating mountain range of Central Asia, running in a north-south direction, was Ptolemy. He calls these mountains Imaus and divides Scythia into two parts: "before the mountains Imaus" and "beyond the mountains Imaus" ( Scythia Intra Imaum Montem and Scythia Extra Imaum Montem). It is believed that this was the name of the modern Himalayas in ancient times. See the map of Scythia and Seriki by Christopher Sellarius (Christopherus Cellarius), published in 1703 in Germany. Also on it we can see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA(rha) on the left and Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean up.

2. Most likely, we are talking about the invasion of the Jurchen Khan Nurkhatsi (1575-1626) on the territory of the Ming Empire - in Liaodong. The Chinese army sent the next year was defeated, and about 50 thousand soldiers died. By 1620, almost all of Liaodong was in the hands of Nurhaci.

3. The state of the Great Moguls has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. It was located in Northern India (the territory of modern Pakistan).

* * * The information we have collected and presented on these pages is not scientific research in the current sense of the word. Today's science, especially historical science, lies with all its might, and we tried to find truthful information about the past of our great Motherland for our readers. And they found her. From this information, it is clear without any doubt that our past is not at all the one that our enemies and their helpful assistants keep repeating about.

Back in the 18th century, everyone knew that Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the West was called Great Tartary, existed for many millennia and was the most developed country on the planet. Otherwise, it simply could not have survived as such a huge Empire for a long time! And corrupt historians tirelessly tell us from the school bench that we - the Slavs - they say, just before the very baptism (1000 years ago) supposedly jumped from the trees and climbed out of our pits. But one thing - empty talk, albeit very persistent. And another thing is the facts, which can no longer be brushed aside.

And if you read the subsection of the Chronology about the "Roman Empire", then you can get one more indisputable confirmation that the distortion of information about the past of our civilization was deliberate and pre-planned! And we can make an obvious conclusion that the enemies of Humanity are carefully hushed up and destroyed everything related to the real past of the great civilization of the White Race - the civilization of our ancestors, Slavic-Aryan.

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According to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, almost all of Siberia formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with the capital in Tobolsk. At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. The question arises: where did this huge state go?
One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be rethought, showing that until the end of the 18th century, a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia, which since the 19th century was excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed...

1754 map "I-e Carte de l'Asie". where the Great Tartaria
.

Map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica for 1771. Where the territory with all the TarkhTarias is signed as Russian Empire.

Here is the "L'Asie" map, 1690, which shows Tartaria Moscow(Tartaria Moscovite)

As we can see, Tarkhtaria (the Russian Empire) included Moscow Tarkhtaria, practically all of China (Chinese Tarkhtaria), Asia (modern Asia) (Independent Tarkhtaria), the Middle East (Jerusalem) and even North America. And this means that both the Chinese Wall and the Chinese pyramids were built by the Russian people.

The same is written in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, “Great Tart aria, it used to be called Scythia ... there is the largest territory in the world, which includes Siberia, Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. That is, Russia (Kievan Rus), Muscovy (Moscow Tartaria) and EUROPE were only provinces of the Great Tartaria - the RASIqoy Empire.

Great Tartaria

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China.
(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887)

In the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771, there is no mention of the Russian Empire. It says that the largest country in the world, occupying almost all of Eurasia, is Great Tartaria.

And the Moscow principality, where by that time the Romanovs had already been placed to rule, is only one of the provinces of this vast empire and is called Moscow Tartaria. There are also maps of Europe and Asia, on which all this is clearly visible.

And in the next edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, all this information is completely missing.

What happened at the end of the 18th century? Where did the greatest empire of our world disappear to? The empire has not disappeared. All mention of her began to quickly disappear!

Many cannot imagine that history, historical documents, annals and maps can be distorted to such an extent that the written history itself turns out to be incredibly far from the actual one. Combined with another favored method of falsification, silence, altered history becomes reality.

If we take into account that in the Middle Ages the number of educated people was generally small, and even fewer historians among them, then ... Stop, but even in Europe there was a dictate of the church, the vast majority of scientific research was either carried out by religious figures themselves, or were under their control. strict control.

In addition, there were various church orders. Maltese, Jesuit, Dominican... The strictest discipline, unquestioning execution of orders from superiors. For disobedience, at times, it was supposed to connect with Heaven through the flame of a fire, so it is unlikely that the scribe monks could deviate from the letter of the order. And in general, at that time the main type of thinking was dogma, blind faith without critical reflection.

How, you say, that all this is not enough to suggest a massive falsification of history throughout Europe and Russia? Okay, then let's get down to the facts, naked and unbiased: the geographical maps of the medieval period.

Collection of maps of Tartaria

The most complete collection of maps with the geopolitical designation of Tartaria. Has 320 cards.

What is special about them? They indicate a large country in the Eurasian space, about which we were not told a WORD either at school or at the university!

You see, there are 320 maps on this resource alone, which is far from exhausting all existing documents. More than three hundred maps showing our country, and we don’t know anything about it. And if anyone heard it, they most likely simply did not believe it.

Well, they can’t falsify or destroy ALL documents, and offer a completely false version of history! Many people think so. Alas, they can falsify and can hide. Which was successfully done by Scaliger and other Jesuits. At least Fomenko and Nosovsky are absolutely right in this!

Therefore, we are offered only a cursory glance at these documents, in which hundreds of authors showed our Motherland: TARTARIA.

P.S. By the way, the video demonstrates the impossibility of completely removing all historical documents related to a certain plot. In this case, Tartaria. Although at that time there were incomparably fewer documents than, say, in the twentieth century.

And now imagine that some ruler of a large state issued some important order, decree, directive in the middle of the last century. Moreover, we are assured that this Directive was strictly and clearly implemented. Hundreds of thousands of officials, police and military were involved in its implementation. According to the Directive, hundreds of railway trains with materials and objects necessary for its implementation were moved. Hundreds of industrial enterprises sent cargoes for the same purpose.

But not a single document has been preserved that would follow the logic of this Directive. Thousands of executive officials made estimates, issued their own directives to subordinates for the successful implementation of the Main Directive, wrote reports on the work done.

But none of this has been preserved, although all the archives have been carefully studied. Also, the text, or reliable testimonies about the existence of the Main Directive, have not been preserved.

Can you imagine that such a number of relatively recent, in comparison with the documents of the Middle Ages, written evidence was completely destroyed? Those. from the Middle Ages, after half a thousand years, something still remains, and in our time, after 50 years, nothing can be found?!

We are assured that this Directive existed. Sorry, it's hard to believe. In fact, I don't believe it at all. I believe in Tartaria, because the facts are there. But the Directive is not.

There are no facts - there was no Directive.

The information is presented on the basis of the data contained in the British Encyclopedia of 1771, on the materials and personal observations of G.K. Kasparov, the world chess champion, as well as on the materials of the book "Reconstruction of World History".

MAP OF EUROPE FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771

Let's use the fundamental Encyclopedia Britannica of the end of the 18th century. It was published in 1771, in three voluminous volumes, and is the most comprehensive collection of information from various fields of knowledge at that time. We emphasize that this work was the pinnacle of encyclopedic knowledge of the 18th century. Let's see what kind of information was recorded by the Encyclopædia Britannica in the "Geography" section. There, in particular, five geographical maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America are given. See fig.9.1, fig.9.2, fig.9.3, fig.9.4, fig.9.5.

These maps are very carefully crafted. The outlines of continents, rivers, seas, lakes, etc. are carefully depicted. Many city names have been applied. The authors of Encyclopædia Britannica are well aware, for example, of the geography of South America.

MAP OF ASIA FROM THE BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 1771

Let's look at the map of Asia from the Encyclopædia Britannica. See Figure 9.2. Note that the south of Siberia is divided into INDEPENDENT TATARIA in the west and CHINESE TATARIA in the east. Chinese Tartary borders China. See Figure 9.2. Below we will return to these Tatars or Tartars.

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA FROM THE 1771 ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAIN

Noteworthy is the ABSENCE OF ANY INFORMATION ABOUT THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. See Figure 9.4.

That is, about the part adjacent to Russia. Here, in particular, Alaska is located. We see that Europeans at the end of the 18th century had no idea about these lands. While the rest of North America was well known to them. From the point of view of our reconstruction, this most likely means that the lands of Russia-Horde were still located here at that time. And independent of the Romanovs.

In the XIX-XX centuries, we see Russian Alaska as the last remnant of these lands. But judging by the map of the 18th century, the area of the remnants of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire in North America at that time was MUCH BIGGER. It included almost all of modern Canada, west of Hudson Bay, and part of the north of the United States. See Figure 9.4. By the way, the name Canada (or “New France”, as it says on the map) is present on the map of North America in the 18th century. But it refers only to the vicinity of large lakes in the southeast of modern Canada. That is, to the relatively small southeastern part of modern Canada. See figure 9.4.

If, as we are assured today, only “wild American Indians” lived here, these vast and rich territories would hardly have remained completely unknown to European cartographers EVEN AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY. Could the Indians have prevented European ships from sailing along the northwestern coast of America in order to understand the outlines of a large continent? Hardly. Most likely, a fairly strong state, a fragment of a huge Russia-Horde, was still located here. Which, like, by the way, Japan at that time, simply did not let Europeans into its territory, and into its territorial waters and seas.

MOSCOW TARTARY OF THE XVIII CENTURY WITH THE CAPITAL IN THE CITY OF TOBOLSK

The "Geography" section of the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica ends with a table listing all the countries known to its authors, indicating the area of these countries, capitals, distances from London, and the time difference compared to London, volume 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.9.6(0), fig.9.6 and fig.9.7.

It is very curious and unexpected that the Russian Empire of that time is considered by the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica, judging by this table, AS SEVERAL DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Namely, Russia, with its capital in St. Petersburg and an area of 1,103,485 square miles. Then - MOSCOW TARTARY with its capital in TOBOLSK and three times the area, 3,050,000 square miles, volume 2, p.683. See Figure 9.8.

MOSCOW TARTARIA is the largest country in the world, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. All other countries are at least three times smaller than it. In addition, INDEPENDENT TARTARY with its capital in SAMARKAND is indicated, volume 2, p.683. Also named Chinese Tartaria with its capital in Chinyang (Chinuan). Their areas are 778,290 and 644,000 square miles, respectively.

The question arises: what can this mean? Doesn't this mean that before the defeat of Pugachev in 1775, all of Siberia was an independent state from the Romanovs? Or even here there were several states. The largest of which - MOSCOW Tartaria - had its capital in Siberian TOBOLSK. But then the well-known war with Pugachev was by no means the suppression of the allegedly spontaneous "peasant uprising", as we are explained today. It turns out that this was a real war of the Romanovs with the last independent fragments of Russia-Horde in the east of the Empire. ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV, THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde wouldn't let them in.

By the way, it was only after this that the Romanovs began to "arrange" on the map of Russia the names of countries, famous in the old Russian history - the provinces of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire. (Details - in the book "Biblical Russia"). For example, such names as Perm and Vyatka. In fact, medieval Perm is Germany, and medieval Vyatka is Italy (hence the Vatican). These names of the old provinces of the Empire were present on the medieval Russian coat of arms. But after the split of the Romanov Empire, they began to distort and rewrite the history of Russia. In particular, it was necessary to move these names from Western Europe somewhere far away, into the wilderness. Which is what was done. But only after the victory over Pugachev. And quite quickly.

In the book "Biblical Russia", v.1, p.540, it is indicated that the Romanovs began to change the coats of arms of Russian cities and regions only in the second half of the 18th century. Basically, in 1781. As we now begin to understand, six years after the victory over Pugachev, the last independent Horde tsar (or commander of the tsar) of Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Siberian Tobolsk.

MOSCOW TARTARY

At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD. See above. This is depicted on many maps of the 18th century. See, for example, one of these maps in Fig.9.9, Fig.9.10, Fig.9.11. We see that Moscow Tartaria began from the middle reaches of the Volga, from Nizhny Novgorod. Thus, Moscow was very close to the border with Moscow Tartary. The capital of Moscow Tartary is the city of Tobolsk, the name of which is underlined on this map and given in the form TOBOL. That is just like in the Bible. Recall that in the Bible Russia is called ROSH MESHEKH and FUVAL, that is, Ros, Moscow and Tobol. (See the details in the book "Biblical Russia").

The question arises: where did this huge state go? One has only to ask this question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be comprehended in a new way, showing that until the end of the 18th century a gigantic state existed on the territory of Eurasia. Since the 19th century, it has been excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed. As evidenced by maps of the 18th century, until this era, Moscow Tartaria was practically inaccessible to Europeans.

But at the end of the 18th century, the situation changed dramatically. The study of the geographical maps of that time clearly shows that the stormy conquest of these lands began. It came from both sides at once. The troops of the Romanovs entered Russian-Horde Siberia and the Far East for the first time. And in the Russian-Horde western half of the North American continent, stretching all the way to California to the south, and to the middle of the continent to the east, for the first time entered the troops of the newly emerged United States. On the maps of the world compiled at that time in Europe, a huge "blank spot" finally disappeared. And on the maps of Siberia they stopped writing in large letters “Great Tartaria” or “Moscow Tartaria”.

What happened at the end of the 18th century? After all that we have learned about the history of Russia-Horde, the answer seems to be clear. AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE HORDE IS OCCURRED. The Romanovs are on the side of Europe. This immediately makes us look at the so-called "Pugachev's peasant-Cossack uprising" of 1773-1775 with completely different eyes.

THE WAR OF THE ROMANOVS WITH "PUGACHEV" IS A WAR WITH THE HUGE MOSCOW TARTARY

Apparently, the well-known war with Pugachev in 1773-1775 was by no means the suppression of the "peasant-Cossack uprising", as we are told today. It was a real major war of the Romanovs with the last independent Russian-Horde Cossack state - Moscow Tartary. The capital of which, as the British Encyclopedia of 1771 informs us, was the Siberian city of Tobolsk. Note that this Encyclopedia was published, fortunately, before the war with Pugachev. True, in just two years. If the publishers of Encyclopædia Britannica had delayed its publication by even two or three years, it would be much more difficult to restore the truth today.

It turns out that ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV - that is, as we now understand, with Tobolsk (it is also the famous biblical Tubal or Tubal), - THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which had previously been naturally closed to them. The Horde just wouldn't let them in. And only after that the Americans for the FIRST TIME got access to the western half of the North American continent. And they began to quickly capture it. But the Romanovs apparently did not doze off either. At first, they managed to "grab" Alaska, which is directly adjacent to Siberia. But in the end they couldn't keep her. I had to give it to the Americans. For a very nominal fee. Highly. Apparently, the Romanovs simply could not really control the huge territories beyond the Bering Strait from St. Petersburg. It must be assumed that the Russian population of North America was very hostile to the power of the Romanovs. As to the conquerors who came from the West and seized power in their state, in Moscow Tartaria.

Thus ended the division of Moscow Tartaria already in the 19th century. It is amazing that this "feast of the victors" was completely erased from the pages of history textbooks. In fact, it never got there. Although quite obvious traces of this have been preserved. We will talk about them below.

By the way, the Encyclopedia Britannica reports that in the 18th century there was another "Tatar" state - Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand, volume 2, p.682-684. As we now understand, it was another huge "fragment" of the Great Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries. Unlike Moscow Tartaria, the fate of this state is known. It was conquered by the Romanovs in the middle of the 19th century. This is the so-called "conquest of Central Asia". So it is evasively called in modern textbooks. The very name of Independent Tartaria disappeared from the maps forever. It is still called the conditional, meaningless name "Central Asia". The capital of Independent Tartaria - Samarkand was taken by the Romanov troops in 1868, part 3, p.309. The entire war lasted four years: 1864-1868.

Let's go back to the 18th century. Let's see how North America and Siberia were depicted on maps of the 18th century before Pugachev. That is, earlier than 1773-1775. It turns out that the western part of the North American continent is NOT SHOWN AT ALL on these maps. The European cartographers of that time SIMPLY DID NOT KNOW HOW the western half of the N American continent looked like. They didn’t even know if it connected with Siberia, or there was a strait there. Moreover, it is very strange that the American government "for some reason" did not show any interest in these neighboring lands. Although at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries this interest suddenly, out of nowhere, appeared. And it was very stormy. Is it because these lands suddenly became "no one's"? And it was necessary to hurry up in order to have time to capture them before the Romanovs. Who did the same from the West.

BEFORE PUGACHEV'S DEFEAT, EUROPEANS DIDN'T KNOW THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WEST AND NORTH-WEST OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE GIANT "WHITE SPOT" AND THE CALIFORNIA PENINSULA AS "ISLAND"

Let's turn to the maps of North America. Let's start with a map from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, which took into account the latest achievements in geographical science of that time. That is, we repeat, the very end of the XVIII century. But - BEFORE PUGACHEV. The full map is shown by us above in Figure 9.4. In Figure 9.12 we present its enlarged fragment. We see that the entire northwestern part of the North American continent, by no means only Alaska, is a huge "blank spot" overlooking the ocean. Even the coastline is not marked! Consequently, until 1771 no European ship passed along these coasts. One such pass would be sufficient to carry out at least a rough cartographic survey. And after that we are told that Russian Alaska, located in this part of North America, was allegedly subordinate to the Romanovs at that time. If this were the case, then on European maps the coastline would certainly be depicted. Instead, we see here the curious words written by European cartographers on the American "blank spot": Undiscovered lands (Parts Undiscovered). See Figure 9.12.

Let us take a slightly earlier English map, dated 1720 or later, drawn up in London, pp. 170-171. See figure 9.13. Here, too, a significant part of the North American continent is a "white spot". On which it is written: "Unknown lands" (Parts Unknown). Note that this 18th century map depicts the California peninsula AS an ISLAND! That is, as we can see, European ships were not allowed here by the Horde even at the beginning of the 18th century. To Pugachev!

We see the same thing on the French map of 1688. See Figure 9.14. Here, the California Peninsula is also shown as an ISLAND! That is also wrong. What does this mean? A simple thing: the line of the west coast of North America is still UNKNOWN to Europeans. They are not allowed here. Therefore, they do not know that the California peninsula will join the mainland a little to the north.

Another card. See fig.9.15, fig.9.15(a). This is a French map dated 1656 or later, p.152,153. We see the same picture. The California Peninsula is drawn as an ISLAND. It is not right. In the northwest of America - a solid "white spot". We go further. Figure 9.16 and Figure 9.16(a) show a French map from 1634. Again we see that the American Northwest is sinking into a "white spot", and the California Peninsula is again incorrectly depicted as an ISLAND.

And so on. There are VERY MANY similar maps of the 17th-18th centuries. We cannot present here even a small part of them. The conclusion is this. Before the war with Pugachev in 1773-1775, that is, until the end of the 18th century, the western part of the North American continent belonged to Moscow Tartaria with its capital in Tobolsk. Europeans were not allowed here. This circumstance was clearly reflected in the maps of that time. Cartographers drew here a "white spot" and a fantastic "island" of California. Of which they more or less represented only the southernmost part. By the way, the very name "California" is quite meaningful. Apparently at that time it simply meant "Kaliph's Land". According to historical reconstruction, the first Russian-Horde CALIPH was the great conqueror Batu Khan, known to us today also under the name Ivan "Kalita". He was one of the founders of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire.

In this regard, let us recall that medieval Japan, which at that time was apparently another fragment of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire, behaved similarly. Japan also kept foreigners out until the 1860s. This was probably a reflection of some general policy of local rulers. The kings-khans of these Horde-“Mongolian” states were hostile to the Europeans, as to the enemies of the former Great Empire, of which they still felt themselves to be a part. Apparently, there was a close connection between Japan and Moscow Tartaria until the end of the 18th century, and Japan "closed" only after the defeat of Moscow Tartaria in 1773-1775, that is, after the defeat of Pugachev.

Only at the end of the 19th century did European foreigners (the Dutch) enter Japan by force. As we can see, it was only at this time that the wave of the “progressive liberation process” came here.

Let's return to the maps of America, but this time to the maps of the alleged XV-XVI centuries. Let's see how the European cartographers of the supposedly 16th century depicted the same North America. Probably much worse than the cartographers of the XVII-XVIII centuries. It must be assumed that now we will see very meager data not only about the North American continent, but also about America in general. It turns out not! Today we are offered to assume that European cartographers supposedly imagined North America WHERE MORE ACCURATELY in the 16th century than the cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. Moreover, this amazing knowledge is not manifested in some little-known and forgotten cards. "Ahead" of their time by many decades, and then undeservedly "forgotten".

Far from it. North America is splendidly depicted on the famous 16th-century maps by Abraham Ortelius and Gerhard Mercator. Which, as historians assure us, were widely known both in the 17th and 18th centuries. We present these famous maps in Fig.9.17, Fig.9.17(a) and Fig.9.18, Fig.9.18(a). As we can see, these supposedly 16th century maps are MUCH BETTER AND MORE ACCURATE than the 18th century maps. They are even better than the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica map!

Did the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica at the end of the 18th century "fell into ignorance" after such brilliant maps of the supposedly 16th century? Please note that both Ortelius and Mercator are absolutely CORRECT in depicting the California Peninsula precisely as a PENINSULA. We see the same thing on the map of Hondius allegedly dated 1606. California is shown as a peninsula. See fig.9.19 and fig.9.19(a). Allegedly, at the very beginning of the 17th century, Hondius was already well versed in the true geography of America. He has no doubt that California is a peninsula. He confidently draws the Bering Strait. All along the WEST coast of North America, he knows many names of cities and places. There are no "unknown lands" here for him. He knows everything! And it happens allegedly in 1606.

They want to assure us that in a hundred years the European cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will FORGET all this information. And they will start, for example, WRONG to consider California an ISLAND! Isn't it strange?

Further, both Ortelius and Mercator, and Hondius and many other cartographers, allegedly of the 16th - early 17th centuries, already know that AMERICA IS SEPARATED FROM ASIA BY THE STRAIT. And historians tell us that later cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries will “forget” all this. And only then, finally, will this strait be “re-opened”. As well as many other things on the map of North America.

So the picture is completely clear. All these brilliant maps of the alleged 16th century are forgeries of the 19th century. They were made in an era when volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica had long been on the shelves of European libraries. Something on the maps was drawn "under the antiquity." But in general, the outlines of the continents and many other important details were copied from the maps of the 19th century at hand. Drawn, of course, chic, rich. To be worthy of the "ancients". And to cost more. After all, "ancient authentic maps." Finally discovered in the dusty archives of Europe.

Let us now look at the map of Siberia in the 18th century. We have already shown one of these maps in Figure 9.20. On this map, all of Siberia beyond the Ural Range is called Great Tartary. Now it becomes clear what this means. It means exactly what it says. Namely, that at that time there was still a Russian-Horde state under that name. Next, we give another map of the XVIII century. See fig.9.21(a), fig.9.21(b), fig.9.22. It was published in 1786 in Germany, in Nuremberg. On it, the inscription Russiya (Russland) is neatly bent so that in no case does it climb over the Ural Range. Although it could well have been drawn and straighter. What would be more natural if Siberia in the 18th century belonged to the Romanovs. And the whole of Siberia is divided on the map into two large states. The first is called the "State of Tobolsk" (Gouvernement Tobolsk). THIS NAME IS WRITTEN IN THE ENTIRE WESTERN SIBERIA. The second state is called the "State of Irkutsk" (Gouvernement Irkutzk). THIS SIGN GOES THROUGH EASTERN SIBERIA AND FURTHER NORTH TO SAKHALIN ISLAND.

OPTIONAL - " Great Tartaria - the stolen history of Russia" -

2. THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV IS THE LAST WAR WITH THE HORDE. DIVISION OF THE MOSCOW TARTARY: SIBERIA GOES TO THE ROMANOVS, AND HALF OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT TO THE UNITED STATES. THE RISE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1776.

2.1. DIVISION AND ITS HIDDEN FROM HISTORY.

## MOSCOW TARTARY.

Above, we talked about the striking at first glance statement of the Britannica Encyclopedia of 1771, that almost all of Siberia was formed at that time, that is, at the end of the 18th century! - an independent state with its capital in Tobolsk, vol. 2, pp. 682-684. See fig.11.11, . At the same time, MOSCOW TARTARY, according to the British Encyclopedia of 1771, WAS THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD, v.2, p.683. This is depicted on many maps of the 18th century. See, for example, one of these maps on,. We see that Moscow Tartaria began from the middle reaches of the Volga, from Nizhny Novgorod. Thus, Moscow was very close to the border with Moscow Tartary. Its capital is the city of Tobolsk, whose name on this map is underlined and given in the form TOBOL. That is just like in the Bible. Recall that in the Bible, medieval Russia is called ROSH MESHEKH and FUVAL, that is, Ros, Moscow and Tobol. See above.

The question arises. Where did this huge state go? One has only to ask the question, as the facts immediately begin to surface and be comprehended in a new way, showing that UP TO THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY THERE WAS A GIANT STATE. Since the 19th century, it has been excluded from world history. They pretended it never existed. As evidenced by maps of the 18th century, until this era, Moscow Tartaria was practically inaccessible to Europeans.

But at the end of the 18th century, the situation changed dramatically. The study of the geographical maps of that time clearly shows that the stormy conquest of these lands began. It came from both sides at once. The troops of the Romanovs entered Russian-Horde Siberia and the Far East for the first time. And in the Russian-Horde western half of the North American continent, stretching all the way to California to the south, and to the middle of the continent to the east, the troops of the United States entered for the first time. On the maps of the world compiled at that time in Europe, the huge "blank spot" finally disappeared. And on the maps of Siberia they stopped writing in large letters "Great Tartaria" or "Moscow Tartaria".

What happened at the end of the 18th century? After all that we have learned about the history of Russia-Horde, the answer is clear. AT THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE LAST BATTLE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE HORDE IS OCCURRED. The Romanovs are on the side of Western Europe. This immediately makes us look at the so-called "Pugachev's peasant-Cossack uprising" of 1773-1775 with completely different eyes.

## THE WAR OF THE ROMANOVS WITH "PUGACHEV" IS A WAR WITH THE HUGE MOSCOW TARTARY.

Apparently, the well-known war with Pugachev in 1773-1775 was by no means the suppression of the "peasant-Cossack uprising", as they explain to us today. It was a real major war of the Romanovs with the last independent Russian-Horde Cossack state - Moscow Tartary. The capital of which, as the British Encyclopedia of 1771 informs us, was the Siberian city of Tobolsk. Note that this Encyclopedia was published, fortunately, before the war with Pugachev. True, in just two years. If the publishers of Encyclopædia Britannica had delayed its publication by even two or three years, it would be much more difficult to restore the truth today.

It turns out that ONLY AFTER WIN THE WAR WITH PUGACHEV - that is, as we now understand, with Tobolsk - also known as the famous Biblical Tubal or Tubal - THE ROMANOVS GOT ACCESS TO SIBERIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. Which was previously closed to them, of course. The Horde just wouldn't let them in.

And only after that the United States for the FIRST TIME got access to the western half of the North American continent. And they began to quickly capture it. But the Romanovs, apparently, did not doze off either. At first, they managed to "grab" Alaska, which is directly adjacent to Siberia. But in the end, they couldn't keep her. I had to give it to the Americans. For a very nominal fee. Highly. Apparently, the Romanovs simply could not really control the vast Russian territories beyond the Bering Strait from St. Petersburg. It must be assumed that the Russian population of North America was very hostile to the power of the Romanovs. As to the conquerors who came from the West and seized power in their state, in Moscow Tartaria.

Thus ended the division of Moscow Tartaria already in the 19th century. It is amazing that this "feast of the victors" has been wiped clean from the pages of history books. In fact, he never got there. Although quite obvious traces of this have been preserved. We will talk about them below.

By the way, the British Encyclopedia reports that in the 18th century there was another "Tatar" state - Independent Tartaria with its capital in Samarkand, v.2, p.682-684. As we now understand, it was another huge fragment of the Great Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVI centuries. Unlike Moscow Tartaria, the fate of this state is known. It was conquered by the Romanovs in the middle of the 19th century. This is the so-called "conquest of Central Asia". So it is evasively called in modern textbooks. It was bloody. The very name of Independent Tartaria disappeared from the maps forever. It is still called the conditional, meaningless name of Central Asia. The capital of Independent Tartaria - Samarkand was taken by the Romanov troops in 1868, v.3, p.309. The entire war lasted four years, 1864-1868.

2.2. HOW NORTH AMERICA IS DESIGNED ON THE MAP OF THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES. BEFORE "PUGACHEV'S" DEFEAT, EUROPEANS DIDN'T KNOW THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WEST AND NORTH-WEST OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. GIANT "WHITE SPOT" AND CALIFORNIA PENINSULA AS "ISLAND".

Let's go back to the 18th century. Let's see how North America and Siberia were depicted on maps of the 18th century before Pugachev. That is, earlier than 1773-1775. It turns out that the western part of the North American continent is NOT SHOWN AT ALL on these maps. The European cartographers of that time SIMPLY DID NOT KNOW HOW the western half of the N American continent looked like. They didn’t even know whether it was connected to Siberia or whether there was a strait there. Moreover, it is very strange that the American government "for some reason" did not show any interest in these neighboring lands. Although at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries this interest suddenly, out of nowhere, appeared. And it was very stormy. Is it because these lands suddenly became "no one's"? And it was necessary to hurry up in order to have time to capture them before the Romanovs. Who did the same from the West.

Let's turn to the maps of North America. Let's start with a map from the British Encyclopedia of 1771, which takes into account the latest achievements in geographical science of that time. That is, we repeat, the very end of the XVIII century. But - BEFORE PUGACHEV. The full map is given by us above on. Here is a fragment of it. We see that the entire northwestern part of the North American continent, by no means only Alaska, is a huge "blank spot" overlooking the ocean. Even the coastline is not marked! Consequently, until 1771 no European ship passed along these coasts. One such pass would be sufficient to carry out at least a rough cartographic survey. And after that we are told that Russian Alaska, located in this part of North America, was allegedly subordinate to the Romanovs at that time. If this were the case, then on European maps the coastline would certainly be drawn. Instead, we see here the curious words written by European cartographers on the American "white spot": Undiscovered lands (Parts Undiscovered), .

Take a slightly earlier English map, dated 1720 or later, drawn in London, pp. 170-171. Cm. . Here, too, a significant part of the North American continent is a "white spot". On which is written: "Unknown lands" (Parts Unknown). Note that this 18th century map depicts the California Peninsula as an ISLAND! That is, as we can see, European ships were not allowed here by the Horde even at the beginning of the 18th century. To Pugachev!

The same can be seen on the French map of 1688,. Here the California peninsula is also shown as an island! That is also wrong. What does this mean? A simple thing. The line of the western coast of North America is still unknown to Europeans. They are not allowed here. Therefore, they do not know that the California peninsula will join the mainland a little to the north.

Moreover, the compilers of the British Encyclopedia of 1771 have the same vague idea about the island of Novaya Zemlya. Shown is a fragment of an English map from the Encyclopædia Britannica depicting Siberia. We have shown this map in full form earlier on. Novaya Zemlya is shown here in such a way that it is completely incomprehensible whether it is a peninsula, drawn just below the inscription Nova Zemhla, or an island. The fact is that at the top of the Nova Zemhla inscription, some kind of blurry, barely noticeable shading is visible, clearly demonstrating the complete ignorance of the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1771 about the true geography of this area, . Such a "blank spot" they tried to portray the New Earth. But since they obviously did not know its true outlines, and did not even understand whether it was an island or a peninsula, they limited themselves to only vague shading with blurry outlines. For comparison, we provide a fragment of a modern map showing the correct geography of these areas.

And again, 1771 is still the pre-Pugachev era. The Romanovs have not yet entered Siberia, and the American colonists have not yet entered the northwest of the American continent. Therefore, Western European and Romanov cartographers are still confused in the geography of Northern Siberia and the Far East. Even professional cartographers who made maps for the Encyclopædia Britannica, that is, for work that accumulated all the best scientific achievements of their time, get confused.

There are quite a lot of similar maps of the first half and the middle of the 18th century. We have given only a few examples, illustrating, it turns out, a very common, but erroneous, opinion of the geographers of this era, that Novaya Zemlya is a peninsula.

And what do we see on the supposedly "more ancient" maps of the 16th-17th centuries? Here, for example, is a map of Great Tartaria, called the Mercator-Hondius map and allegedly dating from 1640. That is, as we are assured, as if more than a century earlier than the Encyclopædia Britannica map, . We are surprised to find that on the map of Mercator-Hondius the island of Novaya Zemlya is absolutely correctly shown as an island. Its upper part is not depicted (apparently still unknown), but the ISLAND IS SEPARATED BY A STRAIT FROM THE MATERIAL, and it is clear that along the entire coastline of the mainland, the island of Novaya Zemlya does not approach it anywhere else. This example is typical.

We take the world map of Rumold Mercator, presented on. Today, historians attribute it to 1587, p.100. It is believed that the map was drawn by Rumold, the son of the famous cartographer Gerhard Mercator, on the basis of his father's map, allegedly created as early as 1569, p.98. That is, the map of 1569-1587 by Rumold-Gerhard Mercator is allegedly much earlier than the map of Mercator-Hondius, allegedly from 1640, that we have already described. And here we again see that on the map of Rumold Mercator, the island of Novaya Zemlya is correctly depicted as an island,. Moreover, this "early" map of Rumold Mercator, allegedly from 1569-1587, is much BETTER AND DETAILED than the "later" map of Mercator-Hondius, allegedly from 1640. We see the same thing on another version of the map, allegedly from 1595, attributed to Gerhard Mercator, . Novaya Zemlya is correctly shown as an island, separated by one strait from the mainland and nowhere else approaching it.

Here and there we find some strange rule in the Scaligerian history. The older the map, the better it is. As we now understand, in a correct story it should be the other way around. Early maps, of course, were imperfect, but then gradually, and more or less monotonously, improved as the correct information accumulated. At the same time, the correct geographic knowledge obtained by cartographers was never forgotten and, having got on the maps, remained on them forever. Just clarifying. There has been no "mass forgetting" in the history of cartography.

We take further the French map of Great Tartaria, allegedly of the end of the 17th century,. And again we see that the island of Novaya Zemlya is correctly shown here as an island. And Korea, by the way, is also correctly depicted as a peninsula. That is, the authors of this map are already quite well versed in the geography of Siberia and the Far East. Allegedly at the end of the 17th century.

And so on. It turns out that it is "generally accepted" by cartographers of the supposedly 16th-17th centuries to depict the island of Novaya Zemlya as an ISLANDS, and the peninsula of California as a peninsula. But their students and followers, European cartographers of the next, XVIII century, right up to the era of the war with Pugachev, allegedly completely forgot all this, fell into ignorance, and began en masse to consider Novaya Zemlya as a peninsula, and California as an island. And only with the passage of time, namely, after the victory of the Romanovs over Pugachev, European cartographers finally "remembered" the correct geography. And they supposedly "returned" to the correct ideas of the supposedly 16th century.

The picture is clear. All such chic correct maps allegedly from the 16th-17th centuries are either forgeries, specially drawn "for antiquity" in the 18th-19th centuries, or genuine maps of the 18th-19th centuries, but with false earlier dates deliberately affixed to them. The cartographers of the 18th century did not "forget" anything and did not "remember" anything. They just FOR THE FIRST TIME LEARNED the correct geography of Siberia and the Far East after 1773-1775. When the Romanovs invaded Siberia for the FIRST TIME, and the United States troops invaded the Northwest of the American continent for the FIRST TIME. The result was charts like the 1782 chart: Chart NW Coast of America and NE Coast of Asia. Eng. - T.Hartman. Ed. - Strahan. London, 1782. It was presented at the exhibition of maps of Russia of the XVII-XVIII centuries in the Museum of Private Collections at the Pushkin Museum (Moscow), in February-March 1999.

This map already depicts the coastlines of Kamchatka and Northwest America quite correctly. The strait between Asia and America is correctly shown. At the same time, far from the coast, inside the continents, almost no details have yet been drawn. Solid white spots. And this is understandable. By 1782, neither the Romanovs nor the United States had yet managed to "Romanize" and "Americanize" these vast Russian-Horde territories.

Let us now take the fundamental atlas of old maps of America: Eduard Van Ermen "The United States in Old Maps and Prints", . Let's see how the ideas of European cartographers about the western coast of North America have changed over time. And in particular, about the peninsula of California. It turns out that all the maps of the XVIII century, given in the atlas, CATEGORICALLY, AND WITH REFERENCE TO THE LATEST (BY THE TIME) GEOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, STATE THAT CALIFORNIA IS AN ISLAND. That is, they make a gross mistake when describing the western coast of North America. The last such map is dated in the atlas in 1740. The map following it is dated as early as 1837, that is, a CENTURY LATER. This 19th-century map shows California and the American west coast correctly. And for the FIRST TIME the name "United States of America" appears here on the maps of the atlas. Let us note here a very strange fact. For some reason, THERE IS NO MAP OF THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA DATED BETWEEN 1740 AND 1837 in the atlas. We see here a strange gap, a "cartographic gap" the size of a century! Although until 1740 about every ten years there was a new map. From 1666 to 1740.

2.7. FORMATION IN 1776 OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE AMERICAN TERRITORIES OF THE DECEPTED MOSCOW TARTARY.

And now is the time to ask yourself: when and how was the United States of America formed? Let us pay special attention to the moment of the emergence of the United States. The Encyclopedic Dictionary reports that "in the course of the War of Independence in North America 1775-1783 ... an independent state was formed - the USA (1776)", p.1232. And then we suddenly realize "m that the formation of the United States surprisingly EXACTLY COINS WITH THE END OF THE WAR WITH "PUGACHEV" IN RUSSIA. Recall that "Pugachev" was defeated in 1775. See above. Now everything is falling into place. Apparently "The "War for Independence" in North America was a war against the weakening American Russian Horde. The Romanovs attacked the Horde from the west. And from the east, in America, the" American troops fighting for independence. Today we are told that the Americans fought for " independence from England". In fact, it was a war for the division of the vast American lands of Moscow Tartaria, which found themselves without a central Russian-Horde control. In order not to be late in the division, American troops rushed to the west and northwest. The first US president in 1776 became, as you know, George Washington, p. 1232. It turns out that George Washington became the first new ruler in the American lands of the Russian Horde. erased from the pages of American history textbooks. As well as the fact of the existence of the huge Moscow Tartaria in general. The war of the United States of America with the remnants of the Russian-American Horde for the complete possession of the American lands of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire continued until the second half of the 19th century. Alaska, which remained Russian for a particularly long time, was "bought" by the Americans from the Romanovs only in 1867, p.1232. On the cheap. For nothing.

Thus, it turns out that the United States of America was naturally formed in 1776 from the American fragment of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire. Namely, from the American part of Moscow Tartaria, the heir to the Empire. This circumstance, of course, was rather quickly glossed over in the pages of history textbooks. Including - and first of all - on American history. First they forbade talking about it, and then they forgot. They began to talk about "independence from England." In fact, as we now understand, it was about secession and independence from the newly disintegrated Moscow Tartaria.

2.8. WHAT THE OLD MAPS OF AMERICA TELL US.

Let's go back to the old maps of America. We list all the maps from the atlas, which depict the west coast of America and, in particular, California.

The first map is the Ortelius map, allegedly dating from the 16th century, . As we can see, allegedly in the 16th century, European cartographers knew well what the western coast of America looked like. California is depicted as a peninsula. What is right. They also knew the Bering Strait. It is shown very clearly on the map of Ortelius and is called the "Strait of Anian". On the map, a sailing ship confidently sails through this strait, p.17.

The second map refers to 1666,. This is the second half of the 17th century. By this time, the west coast of America was allegedly completely "forgotten". California mysteriously turns into an ISLAND. What is wrong. Moreover, the following wonderful phrase is written next to California: "This California was in times past thought to been a part of y Continent and so made in all maps, but by further discoveries was found to be an Iland long 1700 legues". That is: "This California in the past was considered part of the Continent (that is, a peninsula - Auth.) and so was depicted on all maps, but in the course of further discoveries it was found that it is an ISLAND 1700 leagues long", .

So, they want to convince us that in the 17th century, through the most thorough research, they “finally proved” that California is not a peninsula, but an island. That is, supposedly "ancient", but correct information was, after "scientific analysis", massively replaced by "newest", but incorrect. All this looks extremely doubtful. Most likely, these are "tricks of the Scaligerian chronology". In the reliable history of cartography of the last two hundred years, no such absurdity has occurred. Geographic maps have evolved from bad to good. And not vice versa.

Also note that the entire coastline of America above Northern California is not marked at all on the 1666 map, .

It is quite clear that the history of geographical discoveries in the west of America is not at all what historians present to us today. The appearance of a huge white spot on the maps of North America, capturing California and "turning the peninsula into an island," is a consequence of the closeness of the Russian-Horde lands to Western European cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. Up to the defeat of "Pugachev".

We see the same picture on the next map of the west of North America from the atlas. It dates from 1680. On it, California is also an island. What is wrong. There is no Bering Strait. The western and central part of North America is a huge white spot extending into the ocean. The coastline in the north is not marked.

The next map is from 1692, . The same picture. California is an island. It is not right. What is happening in the northwest of the American continent, European cartographers of the 17th century have no idea. The coastline is not marked. VERY CLOSE to California, the supposed coast of Japan is drawn. This is completely false.

The next map with California is not dated exactly in the atlas. Dated to the era after 1698, . California is still an island. What is wrong. The white spot in North America remains empty. It can be seen that Europeans are not allowed here yet.

After that, in the atlas we see a map with California in 1710,. There are no shifts. California is still an island. What is wrong. But on the white spot appears a large inscription: UNKNOWN EARTH (Parts Unknown). The coastline is still unmarked.

The next map is with California in 1720. Cm. . Again, there are no shifts in the geography of these places. Although the east coast of North America, Central and South America are LITERALLY PATTERNED WITH NAMES. Something does not let cartographers, and Europeans in general, go beyond the magical border all in the same places in the northwest of America.

Next comes the 1726 map of America. Cm. . Again, no change in geographical knowledge about California and the northwest of the American continent. The border of the white spot does not move. California is still an island. Which is not true. Next to the huge white spot, in order to somehow cover it, they bashfully painted a luxurious picturesque picture. Palm trees, blacks, a merry festival under palm trees (in the north!). But in the rest of the American continent THERE IS LITERALLY NOT ENOUGH SPACE ON THE MAP FOR A LOT OF GEOGRAPHICAL DETAILS. For some reason, they don’t depict any banquets under palm trees.

The next map dates from 1739, . Here California finally becomes a peninsula. What is right. However, the white spot remains. Only its border moved slightly to the north. As a result, the connection between California and the mainland was slightly opened. It was a great success for European and American cartography.

The next map in the atlas, oddly enough, dates back to 1837. This is practically a modern map, . There are no white spots on it anymore.

The question arises. Why is the fundamental atlas silent about the maps of North America from 1740 to 1837? This strange "geographical silence" falls precisely at the time of the collapse of Moscow Tartaria and the formation of the United States of America in the place of its American fragment.

We will supplement the resulting picture with information from the book on the history of geographical atlases. There we will find two more maps not included in the atlas and depicting North America. The first of these is a map from the atlas of the "ancient" Ptolemy, . It turns out that the "ancient" Ptolemy is well aware of the coast of America. Which is named in his atlas Terra Nova, that is, New Earth. All clear. Under the name "Ptolemy" they published either an old Horde map of the XV-XVII centuries, or a remake made "for antiquity" in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

Another map of North America, allegedly from 1593, is given by us on. Oddly enough, it describes the lands of the American northwest in some detail. The Bering Strait is shown. California is drawn as a peninsula. What is right. The image is rather inaccurate, but we see a peninsula here. So, either this is a forgery of the 18th-19th centuries, or it is some really old map of the era of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire. After all, it is clear that the imperial cartographers of the XV-XVII centuries had a good idea of the boundaries of their own Empire. The level of this map is quite consistent with the era of the end of the XVI century.

We will also cite an old Spanish map with an unknown date from the collection of A.M. Bulatov, . Again, despite the rather primitive cartographic representations, the western coast of North America is depicted in general correctly. California is a peninsula. What is right. Therefore, either this map is a late forgery, or one of the really old maps of the era of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire.

So, the history of maps of the western coast of North America clearly shows us that in the 17th-18th centuries there were huge "unknown territories" here, covering almost half of the North American continent. This area "for some reason" was inaccessible to European cartographers. Moreover, it became inaccessible precisely from the 17th century, after the collapse of the Great Empire. And it became available again, only at the end of the 18th century, immediately after the defeat of Pugachev in 1775, the collapse of Moscow Tartaria and (as a result) the emergence of the United States. Probably, in these places the American lands of the Russian-Horde Empire, and its heirs, Moscow Tartaria of the XVII-XVIII centuries, were located.

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